Role of Women in Jane Eyre Essay -- Charlotte Bronte Woman Female Jane

Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre represents the role of women in the prim era by giving the endorser an insight into the lives of women from totally social classes. Jane Eyre therefore represents figures of the Victorian time yet the character of Jane Eyre, herself, can be seen as very unconventional for the Victorian society. England, in the eighteenth century, was goaded by class distinction and wealth. In the lower class there was always a desperate struggle to survive which contrasted to the behavior led by the upper class, socializing with people like themselves. The servant trade, made up by the lower class, allowed the upper class to live their craved life sentence whilst unendingly maintaining superiority based on their position in society. Women, in all classes, were still living in a world which was misogynistic and male-dominated. Their offer in life was to produce male heirs and maintain the home by hiring and overseeing servants. It was also taboo for mavin to marr y significantly below ones social class. This is one reason that Jane is not a conventional heroine for the society of her time. Although, as a governess, she is not considered to be as low as a housemaid, she is still component part of the hired help in the house. This is why it is unconventional for her and Mr Rochester to be in a relationship. Yet this is not as peculiar as how Jane Eyre ends their relationship out-of-pocket to her sense of betrayal. It would have been considered extremely foolish for a working-wo humannesss sense of betrayal to end and turn down a man of great wealth. numerous women in this period would engage in arranged marriages which were widely accepted and indeed, one of the most practiced forms of marrying at this time. Usually a marriage of thingamajig rather... ...rotagonist, Jane is presented in the role of a lower class woman. This is unornamented in the way that she must work to support herself. Mrs. Fairfax, the tenant at Thornfield Hall is pre sented in the role of a middle to upper class woman. Although she does not have a family of her own, which is uncharacteristic of middle class women in Victorian times, she has a easy paid job and a wonderful house to live in. Charlotte Bronte has given the reader an insight into the role of upper class women done the character of escape Ingram. She has no job, as her principle in life is to bear a child. Her days consist of social outings and reading or playing the piano. It is therefore evident that there was a great division between the social classes with women. The roles of women altered largely between classes, and Charlotte Bronte has focused on this significantly in her novel. Role of Women in Jane Eyre Essay -- Charlotte Bronte Woman Female JaneCharlotte Brontes Jane Eyre represents the role of women in the Victorian era by giving the reader an insight into the lives of women from all social classes. Jane Eyre therefore represents figures of the Victor ian time yet the character of Jane Eyre, herself, can be seen as very unconventional for the Victorian society. England, in the eighteenth century, was driven by class distinction and wealth. In the lower class there was always a desperate struggle to survive which contrasted to the life led by the upper class, socializing with people like themselves. The servant trade, made up by the lower class, allowed the upper class to live their desired life whilst constantly maintaining superiority based on their position in society. Women, in all classes, were still living in a world which was misogynistic and male-dominated. Their purpose in life was to produce male heirs and maintain the home by hiring and overseeing servants. It was also taboo for one to marry significantly below ones social class. This is one reason that Jane is not a conventional heroine for the society of her time. Although, as a governess, she is not considered to be as low as a housemaid, she is still part of the hired help in the house. This is why it is unconventional for her and Mr Rochester to be in a relationship. Yet this is not as peculiar as how Jane Eyre ends their relationship due to her sense of betrayal. It would have been considered extremely foolish for a working-womans sense of betrayal to end and turn down a man of great wealth.Many women in this period would engage in arranged marriages which were widely accepted and indeed, one of the most practiced forms of marrying at this time. Usually a marriage of convenience rather... ...rotagonist, Jane is presented in the role of a lower class woman. This is evident in the way that she must work to support herself. Mrs. Fairfax, the tenant at Thornfield Hall is presented in the role of a middle to upper class woman. Although she does not have a family of her own, which is uncharacteristic of middle class women in Victorian times, she has a well paid job and a wonderful house to live in. Charlotte Bronte has given the reader an insi ght into the role of upper class women through the character of Miss Ingram. She has no job, as her principle in life is to bear a child. Her days consist of social outings and reading or playing the piano. It is therefore evident that there was a great division between the social classes with women. The roles of women altered largely between classes, and Charlotte Bronte has focused on this significantly in her novel.

1984 and Brave New World Essay -- 1984 Brave New World

1984 and Brave New WorldUndoubtedly, the thought of living in, or forming a utopian society has flashed through nearly every persons mind. A few people have even tried to make this ideal dream society a reality. Unfortunately, within the pursuit of these societies the leaders become corrupt and begin to become paranoid with the fear of rebellion. Hundreds of people were murdered during the reigns of Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin in what they considered measures to maintain peace and stability within their respective holy society. One must also consider the hardships that the citizens were forced to endure while living under these oppressive governments. This dream of forming and maintaining a utopian society was immortalized in two novels dealing with the same basic ideas, 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. Both of these novels deal with the lives of main characters that inadvertently become subversives in a totalitarian government. These two books differ greatly however with the manner in which the government controls the population and the strictness of the measures taken to maintain this stability. This essay with examine and contrast the message and t wiz of each novel as well as consider whether the utopia is a positive or negative one. In 1984, George Orwell explores the many a(prenominal) facets of a negative utopia. Orwell seems to focus on the measures that the government takes to maintain a public of plebeians who have no personality or identity and believe that they atomic number 18 not unique individuals, but instead are part of a greater senseless mob of people who constantly work for a inimical and oppressive government which is involved in incessant wars. These people are taught to love. They then learn to fear their government because they believe all of the propaganda that is constantly instilled into their minds. They voluntary follow their government without contest for the duration of their meaningless lives . The government controls all forms of the media (thus denying the people the basic right of free speech) and use it to personify the government (known as big brother) .The government therefore seems omnipotent, or all knowing and always correct. Forecasts are changed from one week to the next always proving the government was correct. As was mentioned before, many of the rights that present day Westerners take for gran... ...nly contemplate living as an alpha or beta because we bednot contemplate living without being able to enunciate ideas or basically think. No one considers living as one of the lower castes and only working throughout lifespan until death. Thus, it seems that Huxley intended to portray an welcome society on the surface with undesirable traits hidden deeper. In conclusion, both of these novels portray an attractive life in a utopian society, if one can conform to the rules. When people cannot conform to the societies in which they dwell (as the main characte rs of both novels cannot) they are branded as subversives and punished as traitors. Life in 1984 would be almost too unbearable to live. Life in Brave New World is only acceptable if one is willing to live a life of the caste one is in, that is to produce (as a lower caste) or consume (as a higher caste). This essay has compared the differences between the societies in these two novels. There is one great similarity however that both make me thankful for having been born into a freethinking society where a person can be authentically free. Our present society may not be truly perfect, but as these two novels show, it could be worse.

Slough by Sir John Betjeman Essay -- Poems Poetry Analysis

Sir John Betjemans poem, Slough, opens with a wonderful, dramatic stanza. There is huge tenseness between the ideas of cows grazing and the idea of death. Even in the opening line there is conflict friendly bombs is a contradiction in terms, as bombs are almost never thought of as friendly, and Betjemans use of this defines what a bad place. Another tool Betjeman employs is rhythm the stanza is at a steady, predefined charge per unit until the last line where the rhythm is broken with the word Death, which gives a powerful image of Slough.In the second stanza, Betjeman cleverly compares peoples minds and steer to tinned products, giving everything a feeling of sanitised dullness, without fresh air. He also uses the form here, listing the everyday tinned items and then adding tinned m...

Opposition between Art and Reality in Shakespeares The Tempest Essay

Opposition between Art and Reality in The Tempest The Tempest is a self-reflexive play that explores the boundaries of art and concreteity. Shakespe atomic number 18s island is a realm controlled by the artist figure where the fabulous, the ideal and the imaginative are presented as both illusory and palpable, and where the audience is held in an indeterminate state, a strange repose. The juxtaposition of the world of art with political and social realities explored by representative char professers is the central contrast of the play, and is foregrounded by the lend oneself of non-verbal techniques. These techniques allow the audience to appreciate the art that facilitates the spectacle they watch, as well as understand that the ideal remains an illusory state impinged on by concerns of the real world. This contrast does not resolve itself rather, it remains inconclusive and leaves us, according to Russ McDonald, in a marginal condition between expectation and unders tanding, affirmation and skepticism, comedy and catastrophe. The disruption storm scene represents the collapse of all the civility and social order of the known world. The effectiveness of the storm is made possible by the opening tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning which pre-empts the events to come. The storm immediately catapults the reader into an understanding of the characters on board the ship. It exposes us to the way in which the characters social assumptions capitulate when they are exposed to adversity and leads us to expect that on their arrival on the island they will be reformed. However, quite the reverse is true - in the second act we are presented with men who appear even More zealously political now that they are free of havin... ...tion between art and reality is developed simultaneously by dialogue and a series of non-verbal techniques. Works Cited and Consulted Alan Durband. (Ed.) (1984). The Tempest. Hauppauge, New York Barrons Educati onal Series Inc. Deborah Willis, Shakespeares Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism, Studies in English Literature 1500-1900, 29, no.2, (1989) Eric Cheyfitz, The Poetics of Imperialism Translation and small town from The Tempest to Tarzan, (Oxford University Press, 1991) Ritchie, D. and Broussar, A. (1997). American History The Early Years to 1877. New York Glencoe Kanoff, Acott. (1998). Your Study Guide to William Shakespeare The Tempest. Cleveland The Cleveland Play House Education Department William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Frank Kermode, with an introduction by Frank Kermode, (Arden, 1964)

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sing :: essays research papers

Maya Angelos, I know why the caged bird sing is an interesting and inspirational story. Although it had many unfortunate situation for Maya it seemed she unceasingly overcame her difficulties. As I read the book I stopped and put myself in her place. I felt her pain as she was walking down the isle in the church looking for the all colored bathroom, and she had no choice but to go to the bathroom right there and then. Her embarrassment really do me feel overwhelmed as I compared the situations of my life. In my lifes situation I often feel just like Maya. When I walk into a room and I do not see people of my color. I often feel uncomfortable and afraid to say anything .Her brother Bailey was her role moulding and support system when she was raped. I felt so sad when I read this portion of the story. I tried to visualize the pain Maya went through, but could not conceive the struggle she was faced as raped by her mothers boyfriend at the age of eight. Maya kept to herself and was not able to go across with others, It was when she decided to move back to Stamps that she began to come around.Stamps, for the most part was a very segregated town. In Stamps, her grandmother owned a convenient store. Her maintain uncle Willie was crippled at an early age when his babysitter dropped him. Maya felt right at home in Stamps. Her abilities to develop through her hard work and educational values grew day by day. Although beingblack was often time difficult for her in Stamps, she overcame the hardships by allowing the world of reading and education influence her. I felt really connected with Maya during this period of her life. I figured she wanted to learned as much as she could and to welcome the world with devote arms. Her life style of strict discipline and religion was the foundation she had in her life.When Maya moved to St. Louis she felt a part of her stayed in Stamps, she was afraid of the changes that were happening in her life. She felt that St. Louis was a foreign country. She often felt the disconnection with St. Louis and could never get used to the different thing that was happening in her surroundings. As Maya went back to Stamps, she welcomed it back with open arms.

I Know Why The Caged Bird Sing :: essays research papers

Maya Angelos, I know why the caged bird sing is an interesting and inspirational story. Although it had many unfortunate situation for Maya it seemed she always overcame her difficulties. As I read the book I stopped and put myself in her place. I snarl her pain as she was walking down the isle in the church looking for the all colored bath direction, and she had no choice but to go to the bathroom right there and then. Her embarrassment really made me tonus overwhelmed as I compared the situations of my life. In my lifes situation I often feel just like Maya. When I walk into a room and I do not see people of my color. I often feel uncomfortable and afraid to say anything .Her brother Bailey was her role model and keep back system when she was raped. I felt so sad when I read this portion of the story. I tried to visualize the pain Maya went through, but could not perceive the struggle she was faced as raped by her mothers boyfriend at the age of eight. Maya kept to herself and was not able to communicate with others, It was when she unflinching to move back to Stamps that she began to come around.Stamps, for the most part was a very segregated town. In Stamps, her grandmother owned a convenient store. Her husband uncle Willie was crippled at an early age when his babysitter dropped him. Maya felt right at home in Stamps. Her abilities to develop through her hard work and educational value grew day by day. Although beingblack was often time difficult for her in Stamps, she overcame the hardships by allowing the world of reading and education influence her. I felt really connected with Maya during this period of her life. I figured she wanted to learned as much as she could and to welcome the world with open arms. Her lifestyle of exacting discipline and religion was the foundation she had in her life.When Maya moved to St. Louis she felt a part of her stayed in Stamps, she was afraid of the changes that were happening in her life. She felt that St. Lou is was a extraneous country. She often felt the disconnection with St. Louis and could never get used to the different thing that was happening in her surroundings. As Maya went back to Stamps, she welcomed it back with open arms.

American Ethnic Literature Essay

What does it mean to be inclusive of ethnic lit in Ameri so-and-so English classrooms? Educators crossways the country struggle to comply with industry standards as sound as their own comprehend of what globalization in publications may comprise. The ideology of teaching the British canon is breaking down, particularly in the wake of the post-colonial criticism movement two decades ago, as well as the more immediate and pervasive influence of the World Wide Web, which connects people in different countries with different communication practices at the speed of fingers tapping on a keyboard.Diversifying the standard literary canon to include writers and character of different cultural and racial backgrounds means opening the master list of great works to marginalized school text and voices. Ideally, the goal of including ethnic literature into the American education traditional should be to create a more complete view of the American culture as a great cultural melting pot and e xpose the ship canal in which all Americans share Otherness. Multicultural literature carries with it current stereotypes as to what gets include and what gets excluded.Part of this is a response to the teachers own ignorance or misin skeletal systemation. Mary Frances Pipino wrote that Students practically are unaware of their own cultural values and the ways their values can be contradictory or ambivalent.. For example, a person may consider The House on Mango Street to be multicultural in that the germ, Sandra Cisneros, speaks Spanish and her main character, Esperanza, relates the effect cultural machismo has on her life as a young Hispanic woman.The novel Ceremony functions in a sympathetic way. Author Leslie Silko gives the referee a glimpse into the life of a young autochthonal American man, describing his violent experience as a pass and as a man caught between cultures in a turbulent physical environs. The main character, Tayo, functions as both an entry point for readers unfamiliar with Native American culture, and as the ubiquitous Outsider even in the Native American community.Both of these texts conflate the traditional American experience (that is, the paternal Anglo-Saxon Christian experience) with the experience of the outsider (the disenfranchised racial minority). Silko and Cisneros incorporate ethnicity as a factor that both unites and repels. Esperanza struggles against the expectations of her culture as she dedicates herself to her studies and writing. Tayo is at home uncomplete in the white community where he is physically Other, or in the Native American community, where his whiteness is known regardless of its visibility.Readers and students have an opportunity to read about a culture that is perhaps different from their own , or perhaps novels such(prenominal) as these are an opportunity to see racially similar characters as protagonists rather than antagonists or worse, utterly marginalized if ever present background noise. Traditionally, American students have had to satiate themselves on a steady diet of egg white male central characters. Studies in literature often revolve around the icons of English writing, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Milton, Wordsworth, and Dickens. American authors honored as canonical include Irving, Hawthorne, duo, Emerson and Whitman.To a large extent, these rightly revered poets and novelists fore-grounded characters with similar visages. Hamlet and Romeo seem essentially white and noble, and their exploits are generally understandable to a Western-minded reading audience. Wordsworths reflections and Dickens soulful hero, Pip, are both embodiments of natural man as a participant in both Nature and the wilderness of the Industrial revolution. Hawthorne, Irving and Twain all convey elements of the American pioneering spirit, as well as the dangers of forging out into unknown and often hostile environs.Again, these American protagonists routinely mimic the authors face in the mirror. This picture of the traditional English Literature syllabus in its barest of bones unquestionably gives rise to the sort of charges levied against it by sensitive Historicists, Post-Colonialists, and gender studies scholars. Laurie Grobman (2004) wrote, In 1990 The Heath Anthology of American Literature was published under the sponsorship of the Reconstructing American Literature project (RAL) of the Feminist Press. She credited Paul Lauters interrogation as she went on to write, Inspired by the Civil Rights movements, the RAL project attempted to redress the limited, exclusionary conception of American literature represented in most university curricula, syllabi, and anthologies, and to validate the literature classroom as a potential site of social and political change (2004, p. 81). The study of literature has been a limited one in the sense of variety and diversity, but obvious and deliberate steps were being taken.Perhaps on one hand, it can be said that the stud y of literature is most naturally conducted in ones primary manner of speaking, thus negating the study of Spanish, Russian or French tomes (for example). Thus, British and American- born(p) writers should obviously comprise the canon. Grobman wrote that, however, certain texts by writers of color have become canonized in the sense that they are frequently taught, studied, and even anthologized both as part of a bigger canon of American literature and as part of canons within specific racialized ethnic literary and critical communities, (2004, p.83). The issue of translation is still a intriguing one, as early editions of what is now considered classic literature were poorly and inefficiently translated from their native language into English. Unique linguistic nuances, which both added to the words on the knave and also reflected the ideas and values of the particular culture for whom that language is native, were irreparably lost. Unfortunately, those nuances were not as valued as the ability to read the text in English, and such disrespect was costly.Thankfully, more attention is paid today on both the sensitivity of the translation and skill of the translator. The original standard of thinking, surely flawed and wretchedly narrow of scope, ignores how language mimics society at large. That is, the English language is itself in a constant state of growth, adaptation, modulation and reconditioning. Other languages play a uncomparable enjoyment in the English languages evolution, particularly in the United States, where languages are over-lapped, superimposed and threaded through each other to form new expressions.The Oxford English Dictionary, considered one of if not the authentic authority on the English language, regularly updates its immense record of words and their individual biographies. Holly E. Martin (2005) wrote For multilingual authors, switch between two or more languages is not an arbitrary act, nor is it simply an attempt to mimic the sp eech of their communities code-switching results from a conscious decision to create a desired effect and to promote the validity of authors heritage languages.Literary code- switching between Spanish and English, English and Chinese, and English and a Native American languagecreates a multiple perspective and enhances the authors ability to express their subjects. Also, by including their ethnic languages, writers lay claim to the languages of their communities and resist the dominance of English by proposing that these languages can conform to English in the creation of works of US literature. (p. 403)If the language fluctuates due to outside influences, should it not be part of the process to examine those languages also, particularly when the reader can see first hand how the languages interact? Cisneros The House on Mango Street is an excellent example of the role ethnic literature can and should play Esperanzas voice effortlessly glides between English and Spanish, revealing few if any linguistic speed bumps. Her voice is, perhaps, is a representation of the idealize cultural blendshe is the embodiment of a truly integrated person.The reader is offered a glimpse of a seamless blend of both languages, representing both cultures as mutually complimenting each other rather than as existing as binaries. Indeed, the languages are not binaries, as they both come from the same root. Martin went on to enkindle the inclusion of languages other than English in US literature is a natural artistic development for the novel (and for other genres of literature as well). heathen minorities and their languages are part of the social stratification of the United States, and therefore, a mixture of languages within literary worksand varieties within those languages reflects the dialogue that occurs regularly within the US. (2005, p. 404) This sense of fluidity can offer a sense of regeneration, or absolute creation. Martin wrote, The mixing of cultures and languages al ong the Mexican/US border can have a synergistic effect, creating a third mode of expression that leads to a more multidimensional understanding of human life in general, (2005, p. 407).This blending has other, darker consequences, however. In the text, Esperanzas voice may blend, but her life experience certainly does not. She, like Tayo, feels little sense of acceptance and integration in either of her two worlds. like Tayo, that disconnectedness manifests in violence and pain. The ethnic literature invites readers to experience the pain of enforced or assumed binary identities. The term ethic takes on the visage of other the person termed ethnic the non-white, often female, often non-Christian character. This characters differences are highlighted as that which makes her Other. Esperanza is not ethnic because she is a writer she is ethnic because she is born into a Mexican-American family. She is part of the greater immigrant tradition that forms the basis for contemporary Ame rican culture. This immigrant status gets revised for Ceremony, in which Tayo is the true Native, being cast in the role of Other by the immigrant Anglo-Saxons. Silko complicates the matter by having Tayo go to war as an American soldier, thus leveling him with the violent conqueror image of Americana as well as marking him as yet another Other/Outsider.Unfortunately, including stories of ethnic otherness can create a challenging set of questions and resistances in a class that has largely been kept free of challenges to the literary status quo. Pipino wrote If the purpose of the course that Pipino taught was to invite moral introspection through imaginative participation in the life of the Other, then students frequently found themselves in the shoes of an Other whose hard work and desire were not guarantees of success which, as we discuss at the beginning of the course, is an essential part of the rhetoric of the American Dream.Thus, students resistant responses may reflect not ju st compassion fatigue, but a real alarm that the hard work in which they are draftd as college students may not yield success the failures of the protagonists of fictional narratives perhaps pose a menace to the optimism with which they regard their own futures, that is, their own narratives. (2005, p. 179). That is, the narrative of the Other may be a little too dark for readers who are (or who imagine themselves to be) part of the bulk establishment.This response is certainly not the goal or object of introducing ethnic literature into the study of the American literary experience. Readers who forget that value systems differ across racial and cultural lines, and attempt to impose their own understandings as a steadfast norm, find themselves unable to reconcile the way characters of differing ethnic origin engage in their environments. The level of anger deployed against the white establishment in certain works of fiction and poetry can become overwhelming if not carefully and conscientiously dissected.Reading the Other can and should give the audience an opportunity to either experience being an outsider for the first time, or more likely, cue that person of the experience and engender feeling of sympathy for the character and the situation. The emotional response of being tired of feeling bad for people is a misdirect and misplaced one, as it does nothing to enrich ones life or the lives of others. Ethic literature should function as a safe, secure environment where common humanistic themes such as feeling a part of a greater whole while simultaneously honoring ones past can be explored using a variety of lenses.Regardless of race, creed, sex or age, all people have had the opportunity to experience near variety of otherness in their lives. Those who choose to ignore or forget the experience are most often the people who perpetuate great severity in the world. Literature can and should function as a means to explore other value sets and other cultur al identities not to simply gesticulate and admire the view, but to begin to identify ways in which our differences are actually the themes we share in common.Fiction and poetry offer readers the tools to transcend the often bitter real-life experiences people have that reinforce imaginary (and authentic) boundaries between cultures and people. Division and classification are part of the human psyches attempt to rede and understand the world around us. As a fertile landscape owing all to the readers mind, literature can meet needs and expectations in a way that reality cannot, and it is the reader opportunity to find the connectedness in the midst of the difference.ReferencesCisneros, S. (1984) The House on Mango Street. New York Vintage. Grobman, L. (2005). The Value and Valuable race of Multi-ethnic Literature. MELUS, 29(3/4), 81-90. Martin, H. (2005). Code-switching in US ethnic literature multiple perspectives presented through multiple languages. Changing English Studies in Culture & Education, 12(3), 403-415. Pipino, M. (2005). Resistance and the Pedagogy of ethnical Literature. MELUS, 30(2), 175- 190. Silko,L. (1977). Ceremony. New York Penguin.

How did the Constitution set the precedent for the Civil War? Essay

Although the Constitution was very effective in its early years, the writers had do the mistake of leaving several important issues open and unresolved such as slavery, ratification, and the conflicts between the northeasterly and the S stunnedh. The Constitution ultimately contributed to the failure of the union because of the issues that were non resolved, and at that placefore caused controversy in the years leading up to the Civil War. The document was originally formed with the intention of unifying the newly formed coupled States of America. Since then, the Constitution was effective in protecting the rights and compositionls of the people. But later on the Constitution had influenced a split both politically and ideologically between the North and the South. One of the roughly controversial issues between the North and the South was slavery.The Constitution scarce addresses how slaves were to be counted in terms of population, and did not fully settle the idea of slave ry. As a result of their avoidance of addressing slavery, it slavery became union of the main(prenominal) issues that led to civil war. Over the years slavery was a topic of controversy that was stewing up in the eyes of the North and the South. In fact, they the Founding Fathers did not want a chemical equilibrium, except one which kept things as they were, a balance among the dominant forces at that time. What Zinn was trying to say was that the Constitution did not pay much attention to slavery and its fate. Two writers of the time spoke out against slavery, even though the law made it legal. Ralph Waldo Emerson states in Document D, An immoral law makes it a mans duty to break it. , meaning that honorable because something is made a law does not make it right, and unable to be changed.William Lloyd Garrison in Document E states, The Constitution which subjects them to hopeless bondage is one that we cannot swear to support. Garrison does not support a Constitution which al lows people to be treated as property, and believes that the issue of slavery must be settled. not addressing the problem of slavery resulted in it being much more difficult to deal with after being ignored for so long. The writers of the Constitution can be blamed for not settling the issue of slavery, and leaving it to grow and expand into the largest cause for the division of the union, and ultimately the Civil War. While slavery is cited as the most common cause of the Civil War, it is believed that there wereseveral other factors involved. In other words, though slavery was the major cause it was certainly not the only cause.The ratification of the Constitution was also another process which exposed the emerging political differences of the new nation and eventually led to Civil War. During this process there was a conflict between Federalists and Anti-Federalist who supported and rejected different things. When discussing about the federal government that the Constitution (Fou nding Fathers) decided to have, Federalists not only believed that such an pastime did exist, but they were also convinced that it could only be properly fostered and cared for by a strong unitary government says Elkins in his chapter The Founding Fathers Radicals or Conservatives. On the contrary, the Anti-Federalists believed that such a government would limit not only the sovereign power of the states but also their own power within those statesThe consequent tump over between Federalists and Anti-Federalists produced the excite of Rights, but it certainly did not solve the disagreement between the Federalists and Anti-Federalists since they (Anti-Federalists) were still opposing the federal government, even after the declaration of the Bill of Rights. After the Constitution was adopted by all of the States in 1789, uniting the States into one nation, differences between the States had been worked out through compromises. These differences between the Northern States and the S outhern States had bewilder so great that compromise would no longer work.One of the many debates that there were between the North and the South was the issue of taxes paid on goods brought into this boorish from foreign countries. This kind of tax is called a tariff. In 1828 Northern businessmen helped get the Tariff Act passed. It raised the prices of manufactured products from Europe which were sold chiefly in the South. The purpose of the law was to encourage the South to buy the Norths products. It angered the Southern people to have to pay more for the goods they cute from Europe or pay more to get goods from the North. Either way the Southern people were forced to pay more because of the efforts of Northern businessmen. This conflict was not settled at all, since there was no consensus reached by both regions. This added up to the many disagreementsthat existed between the North and the South, eventually making the Constitution (since it didnt occupy all the Americans), set the precedent for the Civil War.The Constitution is definitely a major reason for the failure of the union. Although it was originally constructed as a sign of unity for the United States, it resulted in the disunity and sectional tensions which ultimately led to the Civil War. The documents unresolved issues of slavery, ratification of the Constitution, and the many conflicts between the North and the South were the main causes for it to lead the country towards the Civil War.WORKS CITEDAbout.com, 2003 Origins of the Civil War Conflicts (December 21, 2003)Brogan, Hugh The Penguin memorial of the United States of America London Penguin, 1985Elkins, Stanley The Founding Fathers Radicals or Conservatives?Quint, Howard H., Dean Albertson, Milton Cantor, eds. Main Problems in American History, Vol.1. Chicago The Dorsey Press, 1988.Harrington, Sandra Framing of the New Nation.Honors US History I, Hackensack High School Hackensack, 2003Zinn, Howard A Kind of RevolutionA Peoples His tory of the United States. New York HarperCollins, 1999.

Shalimar the Clown Salman Rushdie

The Clown Salaam Rushed The story begins with chapter Linda. India is a young girl, ambassadors daughter. His father is liquid ecstasy Pulls, American former ambassador to India, and now the counter-terrorism chief. In this chapter writer describes her wish to know more about her dead mother and reason why her father dont sine qua non to talk about her mothers death. The plot of this chapter is settled in Los Angles in ass. There she met her fathers chauffeur who was known as Shalom The Clown. His real name was Oman, but later the writer describes the reason of him being called like that.Shalom always looked suspicious to India, and her suspicions about him made sense when she realized that Shalom was responsible for her fathers death. Reading that scene made me realism Shalom was polar assails. It was horrible when he slashed Mans throat with a kitchen knife outside Indians apartment. Second chapter Is called pretty. That s again name, and one of the main characters. It bring u s patronise in year 1960, where we learn the real through about Mans murder. Bonny was a young girl who lived in Kashmir together with Oman, know as Shalom the clown.When they et, they condemnable in love, and only when they had 14 years they got married. Nobody believed in their marriage. Claimers father Abdullah refused their marriage because he thought there Is no relationship between Hindu and Muslim. Kashmir was once a paradise on earth where all people, Muslim an Hindu lived together. It was the place full of happiness and peace. Shortly later on their marriage Bonny moved to anaphora place because she wanted to become famous dancer and there she met her second choice, Max Pulls, who fell in with her and got her apartment in Delhi.Shortly after she got pregnant and she got India, but she gave her the name Kashmir. When Shalom noticed her betrayal, she went from sweetest, gentlest, and most open of any human being in Pacing too cold assails. Bonny was killed, and Max and his daughter went back to America together with Mans new British wife, who gave Kashmir name India. Shalom, who once worked as a Phasings clown, got a job in a governing body called lord Mullahs, which was Muslim organization made to fight with Hindus. He Joined various Jihad organization and became terrorist.

Milinder Recycling

Companies which experience rapid growth paired with a high turnover rate in plying often manage the problem using a reactive approach, that is employees who are adept at their job are promoted without proper training and thrown into the valet de chambre of anxiety in a trial by fire. This leads to several problems in and of itself lack of respect from the remaining employees, lack of proper and appropriate communication, inability of upper berth management to do little more than put out the latest fire and a further increase in the turnover rate. jibe to nice Business Transitions, The main reason for failure in business start ups is inexperienced management.In the case of Milinder Recycling, the management team is composed of employees who were hire that brief months before their promotion to fill spaces vacated by new hires who subsequently left the company. With no management experience and little or no training, these individuals are thrown to the wolves and expected to f end for themselves.According to Keith Mudd, Director at the University of Houston Victoria Most business problems are people problems. More explicably, the problems are each what people have created or the result of having inadequate and inexperienced staff. Once an employee is promoted to a jell with more power, it is often difficult to do something about it. The only option is demotion (which is usually not accepted) or dismissal (which only furthers the problem of high turnover).The key in dealing with this problem is to be proactive in the future. The first step for upper management at Milinder Recycling is to reformat their Human Resources department (if they have one if not this lack needs to be find immediately). The job of recruiting personnel should be to keep staffing levels on par with need and to retain resumes from applicants who might not fit into a current position but would be legal hires when the need arises.Secondly, upper management needs to work more closely with the newer managers. A process of the more experienced staff shadowing the inexperienced managers, if only for an hour or two a day, would be very beneficial not only to the new managers but to upper management to identify where problems are occurring. A weekly training session focusing on some aspect of management neednt be plan for more than an hour and can be slotted into a slow sales period. Training sessions including topics such as mentoring employees, hiring good employees, treating employees fairly, etc. are all good to begin with.New managers also need to be held accountable. Procedures regarding key communications (and the manner in which it is communicated) and processes should be in place that apply to all management positions (again, the Human Resources department would be responsible) and managers held accountable for performing these duties. After a certain number of warnings for noncompliance, the manager can be then demoted, or, if necessary, fired.According to Small Business Transitions, Managerial issues such as the poor use of outside advisors, lack of emphasis on quality, an unwillingness to delegate responsibilities, departure of key personnel, and ain problems associated with the owner/manager become relatively more important factors that contribute to failure as a business ages. Milinder Recycling is moving in the full direction by promoting growth but missing the boat on obtaining experienced key personnel to help achieve successful growth.ReferencesMudd, Keith, (2006). Its evermore People Problems Retrieved September 17, 2007 from University of Houston Victoria Small Business Development Center .Small Business Transitions (2007). Thirteen Stupid Tricks by Business Owners. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from the SBT tissue site.

Disney College Program †Magical Internship or Mousecatraz Essay

A year and a half ago I packed my bags and drove the stretch forth to Orlando to officially begin my term in the Disney College Program. Since then I have experienced the behind the scenes side of Disney World, and I have learned what I would cerebrate to be the pros and cons of becoming a Disney cast member. While I would love to believe that life as a Disney employee is nothing but a dream, spend a semester there has opened my eyes to both the magical benefits and also the hard work that it issuings to live there.Today Im going itemise you more of what life at Disney consists of and what you can expect in the Disney College Program. Imagine this You wake up early in your Orlando hotel room youre too ruttish and nervous to eat because today your program starts. You make your way over to Vista Way A interruptments to get a good spot in line, sickish because youre only hours away from meeting your future roommates and receiving the one thing that has been eating you alive for m onths your job assignment Your semester has barely started, and its already nerve-wracking.A term in Disney of course bequeath hold some high expectations. According to the official Disney College program website, As a Disney College Program participant, youll become part of the magic that is known worldwide. Youll get valuable, on-the-job experience in the parks and resorts, and expand your knowledge in a classroom with international students. Discover spic-and-span worlds and create long-lasting memories. All of these statements have truth to them, but what you may not know is that the slightest tweak of your expectations can make or break your prison term there.By the end of the first day, I had 5 new roommates, and I was a new merchandise cast member at one of Disneys Resorts. The time I spent from August to December in Orlando was full to the brim with great and incredible memories. These times were the pros of the experience. When you first arrive, Disney requires each of their cast members to go through an orientation class called traditions where you learn about the exceptional value Disney places on their famous customer service. Even though it was orientation, I have to play it was pretty exciting. They really know how to get you pumped about being part of creating that Disney magic.Having the opportunity to assist in making those moments that last a biography for other families is absolutely amazing. The friends that you will make there will also last a lifetime. I made friends from all over the world art object I was there. Thats something that I wouldnt trade for anything. And whats better than spending time with those friends in the Disney parks for free This must be the last-ditch perk, but there are countless others. To top of all of that, working for Disney is an excellent addition to your resume. Unfortunately, along with the pros come the cons.The number one complaint that I have heard would be the problems you will encounter with ro ommates. If you opt to stay on Disney property, which has many benefits, you will be required to share a bedchamber with one other person and most likely your apartment with several others. While I lived in an apartment of six including myself, you could end up with a total of eight. With that many people under one roof, it would be a miracle if everyone got along. On top of the stress of your living space, you are required to wear your pathetic looking uniform to a job that you played no part in the selection of.Being a college program cast member, you are automatically considered temporary or expendable, and because of that you automatically take lowest priority. You will work hard hours, and out of the multiple managers in your area, you will most likely not enjoy all of them to say the least. Working for a company with such demanding guests will take a toll on you. Despite the lower points that you will come across while you are there, the Disney College program is an excelle nt overall experience. You will learn much more than you could possibly expect.You can even take courses that can apply for college credit if you choose. Your patience and tolerance will increase significantly, trust me. The months you spend there will stay with you forever. In conclusion, I hope that I have been able to give you more insight on the program. There are some very heavy pros and cons in this program, but whether or not the good outweighs the dreary is left up to you. If you are considering taking this journey yourself, I would recommend that you take the leap. Youll most likely have bad days, but you will treasure the memories and friends you make there forever.

Perception on the functionality of the school library Essay

Chapter I Background of the Study A cultivate subroutine subroutine library is a library within a cultivate where students, staff, and often, p bents of a public (state) or private (fee paying) schoolhouse have access to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library is to ensure that all members of the school community have honorable access to halts and reading, to information, and to information technology. A school library personas all types of media are automated, and utilize the Internet for information gathering. prepare libraries are distinct from public libraries because they manage as learner-oriented laboratories which support, extend, and individualize the schools curriculum. A school library serves as the center and coordinating agency for all material utilize in the school. Across the United States, research has shown that students in schools with good school libraries learn more, energise better grades, and score higher on standardized test doze ns than their peers in schools without libraries.From Alaska to North Carolina, more than 60 studies have shown clear evidence of this connection between student achievement and the presence of school libraries with qualified school library media specialists. In the Philippines at that place is a severe lack of public libraries. Reading programs are not enough, by themselves alone, to achieve the overall and longer-term objective of reservation children fall in love with reading and become regular readers for life. Read-along are great in sparking a childs initial interest in books and reading.But something more is needed to convert that initial interest into a real love of books and a lifetime reading habit. According to experts, children need at least two other things to actually adopt such a habit (1) As much guidance, encouragement and example as they roll in the hay bring from their usual role models their parents, teachers, and older siblings and (2) regular access to bo oks and other reading materials. As far as I know, some of the students of DCHS are apply the library for past time and group chatting not for gathering information, references, and researching their homeworks.DCHS library has a low rate of students visited every day because they think reading books is so boring. I conducted this subject field to motivate the students to visit the libraries and to improve their reading and writing skills, English language arts, fine arts and etc. This perspective pass on assistance us to improve the library and improve the interest of the students. Statement of the problem The main purpose of this interpret was determined the perceptual experience of the students on the functionality of the school library. What is the wisdom of the students on the functionality of the school library?Is thither a satisfying inconsistency in the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library in terms of fraction? gender? Null Hypothe sis The following null hypothesis had been formulated using 0. 05 level of the signifi poopce for the present study There is no significant difference in the perception on the functionality of the school library in terms of division and gender. Review of Related Literature A significant estimate of relevant literature and related studies have been compiled in this section by the tec to provide some general basis of the design and conduct of the study.Bosah L. Eghoso conducted a survey that studied nearly the Perception of the library by secondary school students in enhancing success in their examinations. After the success of his survey, Bosah found a conclusion that both private and public schools relegated the library to the background in teaching and encyclopaedism in recent times. Private schools proprietors do not tally for expanding their finances in libraries especially when they can make their students pass their examinations through dubious methods. Dr.Zeynep Filiz, sa id that every two library meet the students information. He conducted a survey that studied about the service quality of university A survey amongst student at Osmangazi University and Anadolu University. A come in of 400 utile responses were received. About 70% of the respondents were men and 50% of responses were from Osmangazi University. About 75% of respondents had used the library more than six times, and 51% of respondents indicated they relied on the library staff when using the library.Moreover, about 35 of respondents said they intended to use the library in the future and recommended others to use the library. Sofi Zahoor Ahmad said that more than 89% rural and 90% urban schools claim existence of a library with no standard physical requirements and specifications, She condected a survey entitled A Survey of Senior Secondary indoctrinate Libraries in Jammu and Kashmir India. This give her a conclusion that 89. 55% are housed in insufficiently spaced single rooms within the schools while 5. 47% are accommodated in principal offices where students always have inhibitions to go.However, a few schools 4. 97% possess separate library blocks, though these also lack the prefatorys of a library design. No significant difference is revealed while assessing the rural-urban statistics relating to the library housing and location. Jerome Idiegbeyan-Ose said that in Benin urban center, do not have a library layover for the students, and as a result students can never be taught how to make use of the library. He conducted a survey entitled A survey on the Present State of School Libraries in Benin City majority of the schools investigated.School libraries in Imo State lack adequate accommodation, materials, and funds, as well as deft staff to manage the libraries in Imo state. These are similar to what is on ground in Benin City where unqualified staff manages the school libraries. Which revealed the various libraries staff strength, it can be deduced that all the libraries under investigation are understaffed Human resources in libraries contri providede to the standards of that particular library. This research revealed that all the schools visited are under stocked with with library materials.A majority of the schools visited in Benin City have outdated books which are very dusty, where they existed. It is very unfortunate that most of our school libraries in Benin City are staffed by unqualified staff and non-librarians, which fall short of minimum standard of a school library. Emmanuel E. Baro said that only a few library schools offer the course information literacy as a stand-alone course in their curricula. His survey entitled A survey of information literacy education in library schools in Africa.Results from the study revealed that, presently, only a few library schools offer the course IL as a stand-alone course in their curricula. Many library schools have not yet incorporated IL as a stand-alone course in their LIS curri cula rather, it is briefly discussed as a topic in related courses. Although not all the library schools in Africa were examined due to language barrier, more than 60 library schools were investigated, among them 20 institutions were found go IL courses or a related area.This studies the researcher compiled is related to the researchers studies, because it is about a survey of perception on different students towards school library. It is also about enhancing the school libraries to encourage students to visit. It is also to motivate students to make their assignment and gather information in the library because one of the most fundamental areas responsible for the tapered educational standards and fortunes in our educational system is the area of the library education and library service utilization among students.Significance of the Study The results of this study are by and large aimed at providing information and ideas that are fundamental to functioning successfully in today s information and knowledge-based society. The result is deemed significant to the academic community but mostly valuable to these groups of people 1. Administration. The proposed study helps the institution to be more aware of what the students need in a library to develop and improve students learning progress. It also helps the administration to improve the library in the way the students need.2. Teachers. The proposed study helps the teachers in preparing classroom curriculum or seeking lord development resources. It also helps the teachers in their research to improve their visual aids. 3. Parents. The proposed study helps the parents to have a small library at home to improve the basic needs of their child. 4. Students. The proposed study helps the student to have very good concentration in their study. It also helps the students know the lesson in advance by searching the book in the library. CHAPTER II METHODThis chapter presents the research design, research subject, samp ling method, research instrument, data gathering procedure and statistical treatment of the data. Research Design descriptive research is a research that provides an accurate portrayal of characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. These studies are a room of discovering new meaning, describing what exists, determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing information. may be used to reveal summary statistics by showing responses to all possible questionnaire items.It can provide leads in identifying needed changes and it may be used to explore relationships between two or more variables. In this research study, it intends to describe the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library through conducting this study and by having a survey on how useful a library is. In this study, the researcher will attempt to describe how students find the functionality of the school library john the difference between the gender a nd section of the respondents. Research SubjectThis study gathered the percentage of students of the fourth category level of the Davao Central High School in relation with their perception on the functionality of the school library. The actual population of these students is seventy-five, due to a limited time and resources, by using the Slovins formula, the researcher would only take nineteen respondents from Confucius twenty-four respondents from Mencius and twenty respondents from Lao Tzu to have a total of sixty-three respondents. Solution n=N/-(1+Ne2 ), where N(75) is the actual population, e is the percent error (5%) = 75 /-(1+75 (? 0. 05 ?2 ) ) =63 In table 1, it is indicated that the actual population of 75 (100%) is split up into two clusters which consists of 14 (19%) females and 9 (12%) males in Confucius 16 (21%) females and 12 (16%) males in Mencius 14 (19%) females and 10 (13%) males in Lao Tzu and a total of 44 (59%) females and 31 (41%) males. Using the Slovins formula, the number of samples decreased into 63 (100%) which now consists of 12 (19%) females and 7 (11%) males in Confucius 14 (22%) females and 10(16%) males in Mencius 12(19%) females and 8(13%) males in Lao Tzu and a total of 38 (60%) females and 25 (40%) males.Sampling Procedure In this research study, the researcher will use the opinionated haphazard sampling method. In systematic random sampling method, the researcher will conduct a survey through selecting sample members from the population according to a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval. Typically, every ninth member is selected from the total population for inclusion in the sample population. The researcher chose this since that based in the researchers estimation, there are sixty percent in the fourth twelvemonth level students are using the library every day.Thus, the researcher comes up with an idea on using the systematic random sampling method in conducting this research study. The researchers wrote all the names of the fourth year students in a paper and place by section. The researchers selected a number that he/she likes and lastly the researcher selected the respondents every ninth of the names until he gets 63 respondents. Table 1. Distribution of Respondents Section ClustersPopulationSample tally NPercent (%)Number nPercent (%) ConfuciusFemale1461%1261% Male939%739% Total2331%1931% MenciusFemale 1657%1457% Male1243%1043% Total2837%2437%.Lao TzuFemale1458%1258% Male1042%842% Total2432%2032% OverallFemale4459%3859% Male3141%2541% Total75100%63100% Research Instrument The research instrument consisted of fifteen-item questionnaires that are divided into two categories (students and library) on whether the library is functional to the fourth yr. students. The respondents will respond to a five-point scale ranging from very positive, positive, fair, negative and very negative. Items on the questionnaire were drawn from literature on the normal reasons for answering the question on what is the perception on the functionality of the school library.The proposed survey questionnaire is self-constructed. In order to interpret the response of the research subjects, Table 2 will be used as basis. Table 2. Quality indication Mean ScoreQualitative Description 4. 20 5. 00Very Positive 3. 40 4. 19Positive 2. 60 3. 39Fair 1. 80 2. 59 Negative 1. 00 1. 79Very Negative Data Gathering Procedure This research survey had been conducted by the use of systematic random sampling method. Through this, the first 65 students in the fourth year level will serve as the respondents for this research survey.The procedure of conducting this research survey is as follows The researchers distributed the survey questionnaire to the 63 students that has been randomly selected and ask to answer the survey. After the student had answered the questionnaire, the researchers gathered the entire survey questionnaire and thanking the students who had answered the following surve y questionnaire. Statistical Treatment In this survey, the researcher used the following statistical tool to analyze the gathered data of this study Mean.By using the mean, the researcher had been able to get the average of students sample population which is using the school library. Since, that the respondents are divided into two clusters, the researcher also get the average percentage of every male and female respondents of this survey. Standard Deviation. In standard difference of opinion, it showed how much variation exists from the average mean. In short, this measured the confidence of the respondents in statistical conclusions. t-test. The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other.This analysis is appropriate whenever you want to compare the means of two groups. Through the use of t-test, the researcher had been able to distinguish the difference on the perception on the functionality of the students on the school library i n terms of their gender and section. Chapter III RESULTS AND discussion This chapter presents the data obtained through the survey conducted, and the analysis of the data using the appropriate statistical treatment and the interpretation of the results obtained. chore No. 1 What is the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library?Table 3 Perception of the Students on the Functionality of the School Library by Gender GenderMeanStandard DeviationQualitative Description Male2. 950. 39Fair Female2. 960. 52Fair Overall2. 960. 46Fair Table 3 summarizes the perception of the fourth year students on the functionality of the school library when classified according to gender. The data shows that the mean of male students is 2. 95 with a standard deviation of 0. 39 which is see as fair.Moreover, the female students obtained a mean of 2. 96 with a standard deviation of 0. 52 that canbe understand as fair. Comparatively, it can be generalized that quaternary year fe males are more aware of the functionality of the school library than 4th year boys. The table explains that the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library has an overall mean of 2. 96 in terms of gender that can also be interpreted as fair.The female students of all 4th year are aware of the functionality of the school library than the male, because the female students obtained a mean of 2. 96 and a 0. 52 standard deviation that can also be interpreted as fair. Table 4Perception of the Students on the Functionality of the School Library by Section SectionMeanStandard DeviationQualitative Description Confucius2. 910. 46Fair Mencius2. 990. 45Fair Lao Tzu2. 970.49Fair Overall2. 960. 46Fair Table 4 presents the perception of fourth year students on the functionality of the school library when categorized according to section. The data shows that the mean of Confucius students is 2. 91 with a standard deviation of 0. 46 which is interpreted as fair. Furthermore , Mencius students obtained a mean of 2. 99 with a standard deviation of 0. 45 that is interpreted fair.The mean of Lao Tzu is 2. 97 with a standard deviation of 0. 49 that is interpreted as fair. It can be generalized from the data that the Mencius students are more aware of the functionality school library than the other two sections. As a whole, the mean of all the 4th year students who were chosen as the respondents for this study is 2. 96 with a standard deviation of 0. 46 which indicates that the overall level of usage of the school library is fair. The table explains that the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library has an overall mean of 2.96 in terms of section that can also be interpreted as fair. The 4th year Mencius students are more aware of the functionality of the school library than the two other 4th year sections because the 4th year Confucius students obtained a mean of 2. 91 and a 0. 46 standard deviation that can also be interpreted a s fair. The 4th year Lao Tzu students obtained a mean of 2. 97 and a 0. 49 standard deviation that can also be interpreted as fair. Problem 2. Is there a significant difference in the perception of the students on the functionality of the school library in terms of gender and section?Table 5 Gender and Perception of the Students GenderMeanMean DifferenceComputed t-valueTabular t-valueDecisionConclusion Male2. 95-0. 01-0. 011. 99Accept NullThere is no significant difference Female2. 96 Table 5 shows the results of the t-test between the level of awareness of the parents and their gender. As presented on the table, the mean difference of the male and female respondents is -0. 01. Since the computed t-value of -0. 01 is lesser than the tabular value of 1. 99 at 0. 05 level of significance with 61 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted.This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the students of the functionality on the school library in ter ms of their gender. The table explains that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the students of the functionality on the school library in terms of their gender because of the mean of the males is lesser than the mean of the females it also apply on the computed t-value and tabular t-value. The data shows that the mean of 4th year male students are 2. 95 while the 4th year female students are 2.96 with a mean difference of -0. 01, a computed t-value of -0. 01, and a tabular table of 1. 99. Table 6 Section and Perception of the Students SectionMeanMean DifferenceComputed t-valueTabular t-valueDecisionConclusion Confucius2. 91-0. 08-0. 112. 02Accept NullThere is no significant difference Mencius2. 99 Confucius2. 91-0. 06-0. 082. 03Accept NullThere is no significant difference Lao Tzu2. 97 Mencius2. 990. 020. 032. 02Accept NullThere is no significant difference Lao Tzu2. 97 Table 6 shows the results of the t-test between the perceptions of the respondents and their section.As presented on the table, the mean difference of the Confucius and Mencius respondents is -0. 08. Since the computed t-value of -0. 11 is lesser than the tabular value of 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significance with 41 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of Confucius and Mencius students on the functionality of the school library. . On the other hand, the mean difference of the Confucius and Lao Tzu respondents is -0. 06. Since the computed t-value of -0.08 is less than the tabular value of 2. 03 at 0. 05 level of significance with 37 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted. This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of Confucius and Lao Tzu students on the functionality of the school library. Moreover, the mean difference of the Mencius and Lao Tzu respondents is 0. 02. Since the computed t-value of 0. 03 is less than the tabular value of 2. 02 at 0. 05 level of significance with 42 degrees of freedom, the null hypothesis is accepted.This means that there is no significant difference between the perceptions of Mencius and Lao Tzu students on the functionality of the school library. As a whole, it can be generalized that the perceptions of the 4th year students are aware of the functionality of the school library. Chapter IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary The study is about the functionality of the school library based on the students perception. The respondents in the study are the selected 4th year student of Davao Central High School.The method used in this study is the systematic random sampling wherein the researcher would pick out members from population according to the random starting point. The researchers choose this kind of sampling due to the researchers estimation that there will be about sixty percent of 4th year student who are using the schools library every day. Thus, the research ers will be writing all the names of the students in a paper then he/she will pick a number that the researcher likes and lastly the researcher selects the respondents every ninth of the names until the researcher will get 63 respondents.Conclusion After the careful analysis of the data gathered, the researchers reached the following conclusions 1. The level of perception on the functionality of the school library is fair. Female is more aware of the functionality of the school library than male. Section Mencius has the highest mean followed by section Lao Tzu and section Confucius. 2. There is no significant difference in the perceptions of the students on the functionality of the school library in terms of their gender.RecommendationThe administration should improve the library in the way the students needs. The teachers should give the students an assignments or projects that can be found able at the library. The parents should have their own mini-library at hone to improve the b asic needs of their child. The researchers would like to recommend to the future researchers to do some related studies about the school libraries. The researchers would like to propose some that they could also conduct a study about the usefulness of the diff. facilities, and the completeness of the references of the library.

Encryption and network security Essay

Honeynets Observing Hackers Tools, Tactics and Motives in a Controlled Environment Solutions to taxi attacks ar usually fixes that are developed when toll has been done. Honeynets were solely developed to catch and monitor threats (i. e. a probe, s endure or attack). They are designed to gather extensive selective information about the threats. These data are then interpreted and employ for the development of new tools to prevent actual damages to computer systems.Talabis defines a honeynet as a network of high fundamental interaction honeypots that simulates a production network and configured such that all activity is monitored, recorded and in a degree, discretely regulated. Seen below is a diagram of a natural honeynet setup as given by Krasser, Grizzard, Owen and Levine. Figure 1 A typical honeynet setup Deployment of honeynets may vary as it is an architecture. The key element of both honeynet is the honeywall. This is the command and statement gateway through which all activities come and go. This separates the actual systems from the honeypot systems wherein threats are directed to intentionally.Two more elements are essential in any honeynet. These are discussed below. Data Control Data control is necessary to lessen the risks posed by the produced threats without compromising the amount of data you are fitting to gather. To do this, connection counting and Network Intrusion Prevention System (NIPS) are used. These are both automated data control. Connection counting limits outgoing activity wherein connections beyond the limit are blocked. NIPS blocks or disables kn take aim threats before it can attack outbound. The Honeynet Project research Alliance has defined a set of requirements and standards for the deployment of Data Control.First is the use of both manual and automated data controls. Second, there must be at least two layers of data control to protect against failure. Third, in case of failures, no one should be able to connect t o the honeynet. Fourth, the state of inbound and outbound connections must be logged. Fifth, remote institution of honeynets should be possible. Sixth, it should be very difficult for political hacks to detect data control. And finally, automatic freshs should be raised when a honeynet is compromised. Data Capture The Honeynet Project identifies three faultfinding layers of Data Capture.These are firewall logs, network traffic and system activity. The data collection capabilities of the honeynet should be able to capture all activities from all three layers. This will dispense with for the production of a more useful analysis report. Firewall logs are created by NIPS. The Snort process logs network traffic. Snort is a tool used to capture packets of inbound and outbound honeynet traffic. The third is capturing keystrokes and encryption. Sebek is a tool used to bypass encrypted packets. Collected data is hiddenly transmitted by Sebek to the honeywall without the hacker being abl e to smell these packets.Risks As with any tool, honeynets are also threatened by risks affecting its usage and effectiveness. These include the risk of a hacker using the honeynet to attack a non-honeynet system the risk of detection wherein the honeynet is identified by the hacker and false data is then sent to the honeynet producing misleading reports and the risk of violation wherein a hacker introduces illegal activity into your honeynet without your knowledge. Alerting As mentioned in the requirements and standards set for data control, alerts should be in place once an attack is done to your honeynet.Otherwise, the honeynet is useless. An administrator can monitor the honeynet 24/7 or you can have automated alerts. Swatch is a tool that can be used for this. Log files are monitored for patterns and when found, an alert is issued via email or phone calls. Commands and programs can also be triggered to run. Honeynet Tools Several honeynet tools are ready(prenominal) to the pu blic for free so they can setup their own honeynet for research purposes. These tools are used in the different elements of a honeynet. Discussed below are just three of them. Honeynet Security Console This is a tool used to view events on the honeynet.These events may be from SNORT, TCPDump, Firewall, Syslog and Sebek logs. Given these events, you will be able to come up with an analysis report by correlating the events that you have captured from each of the data types. The tools website lists its key features as follows quick and easy setup, a user-friendly GUI for viewing event logs, the use of powerful, synergetic graphs with drilldown capabilities, the use of simple search/correlation capabilities, integrated IP tools, TCPDump payload and session decoder, and a built in passive OS fingerprinting and geographical location capabilities.Honeywall CDRom Roo This is the recommended tool for use by the Honeynet Project. This is a bootable CDRom containing all of the tools and func tionality necessary to quickly create, easily maintain, and effectively analyze a third generation honeynet. a great deal like the Honeynet Security Console, this tool capitalizes on its data analysis capability which is the primary purpose of why honeynets are deployed to be able to analyze hacker activity data. GUI is used to maintain the honeywall and to track and analyze honeypot activities. It displays an overview of all inbound and outbound traffic.Network connections in pcap format can be extracted. Ethereal, another(prenominal) tool, can then be used with the extracted data for a more in-depth analysis. Sebek data can also be analyzed by this tool. Walleye, another tool, is used for drawing visual graphs of processes. Although this tool may be useful already, several improvements will still have to be introduced to increase its effectiveness. Walleye presently supports only one honeynet. Multiple honeynets can be deployed but remote administration of these distributed sys tems still needs to be worked on.Sebek This is a tool used for data capture within the kernel. This is done by intercepting the read() system call. This hiddenly captures encrypted packets from inbound and outbound activities by hackers on the honeypot. Basically, Sebek will tell us when the hacker attacked the honeypot, how he attacked it and why by logging his activities. It consists of two components. First, a client that runs on the honeypot. Its purpose is to capture keystrokes, file uploads and passwords. After capturing, it then sends the data to the server, the second component.The server usually runs on the honeywall where all captured data from the honeypot are stored. Found below is the Sebek architecture. Figure 2 Sebek Architecture A web interface is also available to be able to analyze data contained in the Sebek database. Three features are available the keystroke summary view the search view and the table view which provides a summary of all activities including non -keystroke activities.References Honeynet Security Console. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. activeworx. org/onlinehelp/hsc/hsc. htm. Krasser, S. , Grizzard, J. , Owen, H., Levine, J. (2005). The use of honeynets to increase computer network security and user awareness. Journal of Security Education, 1, 23-37. Piazza, P. (2001, November). Honeynet Attracts Hacker Attention The Honeynet Project label Up a Typical Computer Network and Then Watched to See What Turned Up.Security Management, 45, 34. SebekTM FAQ. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. honeynet. org/tools/sebek/faq. html. The Honeynet Project. (2005, May 12). Know Your Enemy Honeynets. What a honeynet is, its value, and risk/issues involved. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www.honeynet. org. Talabis, R. The Philippine Honeynet Project.A Primer on Honeynet Data Control Requirements. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docman& job=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid =29. Talabis, R. A Primer on Honeynet Data Collection Requirements and Standards. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29.Talabis, R. Honeynets A Honeynet Definition. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29. Talabis, R. The Gen II and Gen III Honeynet Architecture. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. philippinehoneynet. org/index. php? option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=18&Itemid=29. The Honeynet Project. (2005, May 12).Know Your Enemy GenII Honeynets. Easier to deploy, harder to detect, safer to maintain. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. honeynet. org. The Honeynet Project and Research Alliance. (2005, August 17). Know Your Enemy Honeywall CDRom Roo. 3rd Generation Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2007 from http//www. honeynet. org.

Globalisation Pros and Cons

pic UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA appellation Cover Sheet external pic An Assignment cover sheet needs to be included with each duty assignment. Please complete tot all(prenominal)y details clearly. Please check your Course Information Booklet or contact your School obligation for assignment submission locations. ADDRESS DETAILS Full name Stephen Andruchowycz Address 25 Northumberland Street Tusmore zero 5065 If you argon submitting the assignment on paper, please staple this sheet to the front of each assignment. If you atomic number 18 submitting the assignment online, please ensure this cover sheet is included at the start of your document. (This is prefer adequate to(p) to a disrupt attachment. ) Student ID Course code and title BUSS 5300 Global Business Environment School multinational Graduate School of Business Program Code DGMK Course Coordinator You-il Lee Tutor You-il Lee Assignment number 2 Due date 10 / 5 / 10 Assignment topic as realmd in Course Information BookletAssessment 2 Individual Report still Information (e. g. state if ex strain was granted and attach evidence of approval, Revised Submission appointee) I plead that the unravel contained in this assignment is my own, except where acknowledgement of sources is made.I authorise the University to test any exit submitted by me, using text comparison softw ar, for instances of plagiarism. I understand this will involve the University or its avower copying my work and storing it on a database to be used in future to test work submitted by otherwises. I understand that I plenty obtain further information on this depicted object at http//www. unisa. edu. au/ltu/students/study/integrity. asp Note The attachment of this statement on any electronically submitted assignments will be deemed to have the same authority as a signed statement. Signed Stephen Andruchowycz Date9/5/10 Date received from student Assessment/grade Assessed by enter Dispatch ed (if applic competent) globalization is a ferocity which brings an array of benefits and be on a planetary scale, with develop countries more often than not bearing the legal age of these be. This essay will argue that while umteen a(prenominal) of the benefits of lobalisation are felt almost the globe, they are more beneficial to develop countries than triad world countries. Likewise the negative consequences of globalisation are felt more heavily in third world countries than in developed countries. These benefits and cost are incurred on economic, political and socio- heathen levels. Many see globalisation as a primarily economic phenomenon, involving the increase interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the festering of international trade, investment, and capital flows. (Kirdar, 1992, p. 6) However, one can overly point to a rapid increase in cross-border loving, ethnical, and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of glo balisation.Whether population fear globalisation or not, they cannot escape it. It is driven, above all, by the extraordinary changes in applied science in recent years especially computer and communications applied science. For a society to achieve, it essential use this technology to its advantage. To be able to do that, it must be globally engaged. As Alexander Downer verbalize in his speech on harnessing globalisation power, globalisation is an irreversible trend, it is not something that should be viewed as a juggernaut bearing down on the lives of ordinary Australians. (Downer, 1998) The payoffs of such a phenomenon are wide diffuse and felt in different ways by developed and evolution countries in that respect are many economic effects that result from globalisation that affect all nations on a global scale. melt trade is a phenomenon closely tied with globalisation. Countries remove their trade barriers, such as tariffs, so that all countries can begin to special ise in their most efficient production areas, resulting in maximum certainize through global trade. Among the study industrial economies, sometimes referred to as the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 65 per centum of the total economic production, or GDP, is associated with international trade. Economists project that, in the U. S. , more than 50 percent of the bran- late jobs created in this decade will be directly linked to the global frugality. (Hopkins, 2002, p. 56).Certainly these figures show that globalisation is a major benefit to developed countries, but in many third world countries, it is argued that though jobs are be created, agri ethnic, subsistence jobs are being wiped out and re patchd with dollar per day multinational corporations, and further, that such corporations are merely widening the gap between the moneyed and poor. Critics of globalisation argue that notwithstanding the supposed benefits associated with set free trade and inv estment, over the past hundred years or so the gap between the rich and poor nations of the world has gotten wider. In 1870, the average income per capita in the worlds 17 richest nations was 2. 4 times that of all other countries. In 1990, the same group was 4. 5 times as rich as the rest. Hill, 2010, p. 31) By the be juveniledly 1990s the one-fifth of the worlds people lifespan in the highest income countries had 86% of world GDP, 82% of world export markets, 68% of foreign direct investment, and 74% of world earpiece lines. The bottom fifth of the worlds people realise 1% for the first three categories and 1. 5% respectively. ( waters, 2002, pp. 3-4) Of course we must be wary that there are exceptions to this trend. Chinas opening to world trade has bought it harvest-festival in income from $1460 a head in 1980 to almost $4500 in 2005, and in 1980, Americans earned 12. 5 times as much as the Chinese per capita, by 1999, they were only earning 7. times as much. (Evans, 2001, p. 80). Nonetheless there appear to be strong forces for stagnation among the worlds poorest nations as a result of globalisation. A quarter of the countries with GDP per capita of less than $1,000 in 1960 had growth rates of less than zero from 1960 to 1995, and a third have growth rates of less than 0. 05 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 31) Market failure is another major issue that is commonplace in western economies, and impacts on other countries rather than themselves. Market failure is when those who are producing or devour goods or services do not have to bear the full costs of their actions, such as the cost of pollution.Free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manucircumstanceuring facilities to less developed countries that lack adequate regulations to foster labour and the environment from abuse by the unscrupulous. (Dowling, Hill and Lieche, 2009, p. 31) This effectively means that transnational corporations are able to pollute third world nations and des troy their environment with minimal or no cost. Attempts to stem global pollution have been implemented such as the Kyoto Protocol, which sets binding emission targets for developed countries (Horton and Patapan, 2004, p. 86) but nonetheless, the majority of developed countries impact on underdeveloped countries in this way to some extent. In this regard it can again be seen that the benefits of globalisation on an economic level are skewed in opt of developed countries.However, this does not mean under-developed countries do not benefit at all. Another issue that arises for developing countries is that falling trade barriers allow firms to move manufacturing activities to countries where the wage rates are much lower. For example, Harwood Industries, a US clothing manufacturer closed its US Operations which paid wages of $9 per hour and shifted manufacturing to Honduras where framework workers received 48 cents per hour (Hill, 2009, p. 27) The majority of developing countries c ontinue to experience falling levels of average income. Globally, from the late 1970s to the late 1990s, the average income of the lowest-income families fell by over 6 percent.By contrast, the average real income of the highest-income fifth of families increased by over 30 percent. (Hill, 2009, p. 28) However, it has been argued that while people in developed countries may regard this situation as exploitation, for many people in the developing world, working in a factory is a remote better option than staying down on the farm and growing rice. (Stiglitz, 2002, p. 4) Nonetheless, it is a clear case of where the benefits of globalisation for developed countries far outweigh those that arise for developing countries. In fact the only clear indicator that suggests developing countries are benefitting from globalisation more-so than developed countries is in regards to their quality of life. at that place is evidence which shows that a number of developing countries have benefited fr om globalisation, and this is supported by quality of life statistics. done globalisation, many people in the world now live longer than before and the standard of living is far better. Further, per capita GDP growth in the post-1980 globalisers accelerated from 1. 4 percent a year in the 1960s and 2. 9 percent a year in the 1970s to 3. 5 percent in the 1980s and 5. 0 percent in the 1990s. (Dollar and Kraay, 2001, p. 1) The non-globalising developing countries have done much worse than this, with one-year growth rates falling from highs of 3. 3 percent during the 1970s to only 1. 4 percent during the 1990s.Indeed, end-to-end the 1990s till today, eighteen of the twenty-four globalising developing countries have experienced growth, many of them, quite substantially. (NA, 2004, p. 236) However, the growth most have experienced is minimal in comparison the growth being experienced by developed countries. Certainly there are ways in which globalisation does bring benefits to developi ng countries on an economic level. However, overall it is clear that the benefits are felt more heavily in developed countries and the costs are felt more heavily in developing countries. This is much the same case when regarding the social and cultural effects of globalisation.Globalisation opens peoples lives to culture and to all its creativity and the flow of ideas and knowledge. Although the spread of ideas and images enriches the world, there is a risk of reducing cultural concerns to protecting what can be bought and sold, neglecting community, custom and tradition. (Hirst & Thompson, 1996, p. 256) it is astray asserted, and indeed frequently taken for granted, that we live in a global village where national cultures and boundaries are dissolving, we consume global brands, corporations have to be competitive in a global market place and governments have to be responsive to the needs of the global economy.In any case, globalisation produces a tension between sameness and dif ference, between the universal and the particular, and between cultural homogenisation and cultural heterogenisation (Subhabrata & Linstead, 2001, p. 684) Americanisation is a major example of such cultural homogenisation, acting in many ways which destroy global culture. Globalisation has increased transmission of popular culture easily and inexpensively from the developed countries of the North throughout the world. Consequently, despite efforts of nationally-based media to develop local television, movie, and video programs, many media markets in countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are saturated with productions from the U. S. atomic number 63 and a few countries in Asia. (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 98). Local critics of this trend lament not only the resulting silencing of domestic cultural expression, but also the hegemonic reach of Western culture and the potential global homogenisation of values and cultural taste. (NA, 2005, p. 1) A report by the UN Educational, Scientific and cultural Organisation showed that the world trade in goods with cultural content almost tripled between 1980 and 1991 from 67 billion dollars to 200 billion dollars. (Akulenko, 2008, p. 1) At the core of the pastime industry film, music and television there is a growing dominance of US products.The earthly concern treat Organisation rules do not allow countries to block imports on cultural grounds, which means there is slide fastener standing in the way of Western culture overtaking and eradicating the cultures of developing countries. It is argued that this could mean the end of cultural diversity, and the triumph of a uni-polar culture serving the needs of transnational corporations (Tomlinson, 1999, p. 134). Clearly globalisation is benefitting developed countries by allowing them to spread their culture and act on a global scale. However, for developing countries, their culture is in many ways being eroded and replaced with the typical Western culture.However, suppor ters of globalisation argue that it does not make good sense to talk of a world of 6 billion people becoming a monoculture. The spread of globalisation will undoubtedly bring changes to the countries it reaches, but change is an essential part of life. It must also be noted that globalisation is not all one-way traffic. Global products are absorbed into and change western life including such phenomena as Latinisation and Japanisation. (Hopper, 2007, p. 82) Similarly many of the arts and provenders from developing cultures have become natural into Western society, presenting opportunities for developing countries to increase their cultural exporting.For example, curry, an Indian cuisine has become a global food eaten world-wide. However, Americanisation is a far greater cultural force which brings many benefits to Western countries. The impact of developing countries cultures is far downcaster and there is the risk that Westernisation could lead to the destruction of the culture s of a number of developing countries. Another effect of globalisation is a global improvement in communications and technology. On the one hand, the electronic transmutation has promoted the diversification of information as people in nearly every country are able to communicate their opinions and perspectives on issues, local and global, that impact their lives. (NA, 2005, p. ) Political groups from Chiapas to Pakistan have effectively used information technology to promote their perspectives and movements. On the other hand, this expansion of information technology has been highly uneven, creating an international digital select in such things as differences in access to and skills to use the internet. (NA, 2005, p. 1) Often, access to information technology and to telephone lines in many developing countries is controlled by the state or is available only to a small minority who can afford them. (Hoogvelt A, 1997, p. 46) Thus, it can be seen that the technological benefits of globalisation are also being felt much more by developed countries than developing countries.This is the same case when regarding the effects of globalisation on a political level One of the biggest political issues surrounding globalisation, which particularly impacts on developing countries, is that many sovereign countries have lost control of their economies and that such control has shifted to more powerful countries, multinational firms, and international financial institutions. The logic of this concern suggests that national sovereignty has progressively and systematically been undermined by globalisation, preeminent to growing cynicism among political elites and their citizenries, especially among poor developing countries. (Pere, 2010, p. ) Critics argue that todays increasingly interdependent global economy shifts economic power away from national governments and toward supranational organisations such as the WTO, the EU and the UN. Unelected bureaucrats now cut down po licies of the democratically elected governments of nation-states, thereby undermining the sovereignty of those states and limiting the nations ability to control its own destiny. (Hill, 2009, p. 30). Globalisation has seen state power decline as transnational processes grow in scale and number. The power of TNCs, with annual budgets greater than that of many states, and is the most visible sign of this change. As economic and political life becomes more complex, many traditional functions of state are transferred to global and regional international organisations. (Gupta, 1997, p. 6) In this environment, developing countries are losing their influence on a national and global scale towards organisations largely controlled by developed countries. In this way, it is again clear that developed countries benefit from globalisation more so than developing countries. However, if these supranational organisations turn their tension more towards aiding developing countries, a number of be nefits could result. At the international level, supranational organisations such as the World Bank and IMF must pay more attention to the reality that globalisation has generated extremes of inequality of assets and income across the spectrum of developing countries. (Gupta, 1997, p. 06) International lending and grants could be more explicitly focused on cutting subsidies that benefit the rich, on encouraging and financing market-related land reform, and most importantly providing investment and policy advice for effective public education. There is also a need for developed countries of the OECD to thoroughly review their neo-mercantilist trade policies. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) There is enough verifiable evidence to show that protection of agriculture and textiles discriminate against the poor of developing countries. The poor and vulnerable in developing countries could also benefit from international financing of countercyclical safety net programmes, subject to certain conditions. These would include a solid record of sound fiscal policy the political capacity to undertake such programmes free of corruption and a long-term fiscal capacity to service any debt that might be incurred. (Pere, 2010, p. 1) If these policies were instated, developing countries would benefit from globalisation in ways that match or exceed the political benefits that developed countries receive as a result of globalisation. Clearly globalisation is a force which brings an array of benefits and costs on a global scale. However, it is also clear that developing countries are, in many cases, bearing the majority of these costs while developed countries are feeling the majority of the benefits.While there are a number of economic, socio-cultural and political actions which could be taken to ensure developing countries benefit from globalisation to a akin(predicate) extent to developed countries, as it stands, there can be no denying that globalisation is a force which favours developed c ountries over developing countries. Bibliography Akulenko. E, 2008, Cultural Aspects of Globalization, Accessed 5 whitethorn 2010, http//emiliaakulenko. wordpress. com/2008/10/22/cultural-aspects-of-globalization/ Dollar. D and Kraay. A, 2001, guile Growth and Poverty, Accessed 5 May 2010, http//www. imf. org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2001/09/dollar. htm Dowling. P, Hill. C and Liesch. D, 2009, International Business, Mc-Graw Hill, New York Downer. A, 1998, Annual flip Lecture by the Minister for Foreign Affairs Harnessing Globalisations Power, Accessed 5 May 2010, Evans T, 2001, The politics of human rights a global perspective, Pluto Press, capital of the United Kingdom Gupta.S, 1997, The Political Economy of Globalization, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts Hill. C, 2009, International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace, Mc-Graw Hill International, New York Hoogvelt At, 1997, Globalisation and the Postcolonial World The New Political Economy of Development, Macmi llan Press Ltd, capital of the United Kingdom Hopkins A. G. , 2002, Globalization in World History, Pimlico, London Hopper. P, 2007, Understanding Cultural Globalization, Polity Press, Cambridge Horton. K and Patapan. H, 2004, Globalisation and Equality, Routledge, London Kirdar U, 1992, Change Threat or Opportunity Economic Change, United Nations Publications, New York.Linstead S & Subhabrata B, 2001, Globalization, Multiculturalism and other Fictions Colonialism for the new Millennium, RMIT University, Melbourne N. A, 2004, The Globalisation Debate, The Spinney Press, Thirroul NSW 2515, Australia N. A, 2005, Introduction to Globalization After September 11, Social Science Research Council, Accessed 5 May 2010, Pere. G, 2010, The Positive and Negative Consequences of Globalisation, Institute for Global Dialogue, Midrand. Stiglitz, J, 2002, Globalization and its Discontents, Routledge, Allen Lane, London Tomlinson. J, 1999, Globalization and Culture, University of Chicago Press, Ch icago Waters M, 2002, Globalization, 2nd Edition, Routledge, Fetter Lane, London