Antonio Gaudi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Antonio Gaudi - Research Paper ExampleUsing neoe cosmetic tools of ceramics, glass and color of the Art Nouveau school, he introduced innovative techniques in the processing of materials. By the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, Gaudi had secured his place as an architect beyond orthodox modernism, creating a personal elan based on the observation of reputation, using its geometric patterns as well as color, texture and morphological and decorative allusions to emulate nature in architecture. Now, nearly one hundred and sixty years after(prenominal) his birth, and over seventy since his tragic death in a street accident, Gaudi has finally transcended his local fame as a Spanish icon and become internationally recognized as the prime architect of the modern city of Barcelona. His famed Sagrada Familia, a cathedral of enormous architectural and landmark proportions, is recognized not only as a design phenomenon of universal importance, but as a major contribution to modern ideas regarding religious architectural representation. While Gaudis work was initially met with incomprehension, mockery and outright hostility from some(prenominal) the professional architectural military man and the populace of Barcelona, the passing of time and further scrutiny has been kinder. His work instantly is considered the prime example of nature combined with architecture in its purest, most original and spectacular forms. indorse of this is replete in his major works. A Dedication to Natural Form Religiously dedicated to the natural from childhood, plagued by rheumatic ailments from an early age, Gaudi, unable to play with other children, spent time observing the world around him and drawing what he saw. It was during this time that he developed his keen observation of the elements in nature destined to later influence his architectural designs. Somewhat of a mathematical genius, throughout his life Gaudi likewise studied natures angles and curves and incorporated them into his designs and mosaics. Hyperboloids and paraboloids he borrowed from nature were easily reinforced by steel rods, allowing his designs to resemble elements from the environment. In Gaudis view, Those who look for the laws of Nature as a support for their new works collaborate with the Creator.1 Given this, and his religious bent coupled with a childhood spent ill, isolated and contemplative in the country, it is not surprising that Gaudis design sense would reflect his intense interrelationship with God and nature. The elements prime in Gaudis nature-inspired work--sometimes alluded to as biomimetic, are obvious to the informed structural observer catenary arches, spiral stairways, conoid-shaped roofs, and a new type of tree-inspired column that uses hyperbolic paraboloids as its base. Ornamental aspects have their own identifiers honeycomb gates, vine-inspired frieze, diatom-shaped windows, gargoyles depicting animals displaced by the churchs construction, and pinnacles in the form of grasses and pyrite crystals. Gaudis dedication to nature is incessantly reflected in his insistence upon color, as nature does not present us with any object that is black and white or completely uniform in colour.2 Following in that vein, the artist went well beyond color in his quest for the incorporation and refection of natural elements. Unlike many of his contemporaries, Gaudi for his models

Human Behavioral Ecology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

gentlemans gentleman Behavioral Ecology - Essay ExampleAs a result a person develops behavioral st judgegies to solve different problems that are set by nature like arranging for fodder, mating, looking aft(prenominal) the offspring and maintaining interactions with kin, offspring and other individual.HBE gained popularity between 1960s and the 1970s when there was growing emphasis on animal behavior and evolutionary biology. J.B.S Haldane a British evolutionary biologist by 1956 had already argued that differences of human behavior could be analyzed as responses of different individuals with similar genetic composition exposed to variable environments. But the initial developments of HBE were in the field of foraging, drawn for the optimal foraging theory ( much). This was because OFT was sophisticated and testable theory by 1980s and because much of the history of human species was spent as foragers. Foragers offer experiments for analyse human behavioral variability. If pe ople of today forage for living are constrained by aspects of ecology, therefore the variations in these limitations, the difficulties imposed by these constraints and the solutions that different individuals adopt to overcome the constraints are open to ethnographic observations. The OFT consists of a groups of models addressing resource choice, time allocation and patch choice and diet breadth model that is intimately commonly used in studying humans. In accordance to this model, individual foragers select fare resources that hollo to provide maximum pabulum, by trading off the handling and search time associated with acquiring that food source. Foragers often bypass those food sources that yield low post encounter believe rate of nutrition when more(prenominal) utile food sources are common, but they take a broader array of prey species when more profitable items are rare (Kaplan and Hill, 167-201). Changes in subsistence pattern over a period time do-nothing be explain ed by changes in response to factors like technology, climate changes and availability of foreign imports. Thus smart technology can either expand or contract the diet breadth (prey choice), depending on whether the exist of searching and handling the food resources have been affected. The diet breadth models even deals with archaeological deposits. For instance, deposits associated with societies that are on the brink of adopting agricultural activities, show increasing exploitation of previously unused sources, like plant food and seeds that require extensive processing. The diet breadth model as such suggests that agriculture emerged many times in history as an alternative in response to decrease in encounter rate with higher ranked nutritional items. Failures to support the foraging model predictions have been just as thought-provoking as the successes. For instance despite what foraging model suggest that humans acquire food that maximizes their mean acquisition, men go for large preys like animals, ignoring the small food items like plants that are more profitable for increasing their mean acquisition rate. Women on the other hand frequently do the opposite and kick upstairs small food items over large preys like animals. These observations have helped in generating two alternative hypotheses. The beginning hypotheses relates to the differences of constraints, that men maximize their nutritional acquisition through paying attention to the currency that gives more weightage to protein instead than

Housing market in China Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Housing market in China - Case field ExampleThe method that was adapted in this study to accomplish the aim involved the discussion of the characteristics of globalization and how it leads to economic growth. A background on the property market and its dynamics is also provided. The period at a lower place study were divided into two 1999-2000 and 2001 up to now. The topics were divided into the commercial and residential sector. This was done to provide for points of comparison. An spacious search of primary and secondary literature was conducted on all available resources such as peer-reviewed journals, magazines, newspaper, different scholarly articles and finally, the Internet. Business information providers from the public sector such as Chinas Statistics Center and private proceed such as the GoldmanSachs provided umteen historical and statistical data and were subsequently used.Results of the study indicates that there were many factors that led to the boom in the proper ty market industry which includes government sort outs, flow of Foreign fill Investment (FDI), worldwide events sponsored by China and other market reforms. With regards to the commercial sector, the supply was mainly fuelled by the demand generated by masses belonging to multinational companies. In the residential sector, the supply was fuelled by people migrating from rural areas to work in the urban areas which was developed with the influx of investments of both Chinese and foreign businessmen. every of these developments were argued to be largely a result of China globalizing itself. In the end, it was concluded that globalization did indeed fuelled the rhytidectomy in the property market sector. Chapter 1. IntroductionChina went under Communist control with the victory of monoamine oxidase Zedong over the Nationalist Chiang Kai Shek. In spite of the spirit that animated the country, it was only due to the efforts of President Deng Xiaoping to reform and the open-up China that the country has undergone a profound transformation never seen in the country before. His efforts would prove to be a step toward China embracing the globalization concept. Chinese President Hu Jintao (2005) relates that China has benefited from globalization because in a short span of 26 years from 1978 to 2004, Chinas GDP increased from $147.3 billion to $1.6494 trillion registering an come annual growth rate of 9.4% while foreign trade rose from $20.6 billion to $1.1548 trillion with an average annual growth rate of over 16%. Chinas foreign exchange reserve increased from $167 one thousand million to $609.9 billion while the number of rural poor has decreased significantly from 250 million to 26 million. Jintao (2005) except notes that by the end of 2004, China had attracted a total of $562.1 billion in FDI, approved the establishment in China of more than 500,000 foreign-funded enterprises and created a huge import market of some $560 billion annually. At present, appro ximately countries and regions have had enterprises with investment in China, and over 400 firms out of the Fortune 500 have invested in China. The number of R&D centers set up by foreign investors in China has exceeded 700. The general national strength of China has remarkably increased while the quality of life of its

Strategic Inconsistencies and America's Democratic Process Essay

Strategic Inconsistencies and Americas popular Process - Essay ExampleThe executive branch and the military expanding the war into Cambodia with neither the knowledge nor the pay of Congress was a clear violation of the popular process.iEarlier, and in a similar fashion, the entire programme to develop the nuclear bomb and the decision to use them on two Japanese cities in sniffy 1945 was undertaken in strict secrecy. The secrecy of the program was essential to national security and the decision to use it sure shortened the war and probably saved the lives of thousands of US combat troops. However, undertaking the development and use of atomic weapons in strict secrecy can hardly be seen as a model of res publica in action.The removal of the Japanese from the Pacific coast during World War Two and their concentration in internment camps was a clear violation of both their human and civil rights. It may well cast off been necessary, although that is certainly debatable, but, aga in, it is hardly a model of body politic in action.ii During wartime the United States has clearly abandoned democratic principles in favor of military strategy and efficacy. That said, it would be fair to say that virtually every democracy has made the decision when confronted with the question of military strategy versus democratic ideals in the time of war.Since at to the lowest degree the Civil War there has been a hangover from wartime strategy that has infected the democratic process in the aftermath of war. During Reconstruction, Federal troops were placed on the streets in southern cities to enforce law and order. This crying(prenominal) violation of the Constitution, once recognized, was deemed so offensive that it led to posse comitatus legislation in 1878. The law states, Whoever, leave out in cases and under circumstances expressly authorized by the Constitution or Act of Congress, wilfully uses any part of the Army or Air Force as a posse comitatus or otherwise to ex ecute the laws.

Education Plan for Fourth Grade Class Assignment

didactics Plan for Fourth Grade Class - Assignment ExampleAbout five percent be reading below grade level and approximately 10 percent argon reading preceding(prenominal) their grade level there ar a few children with diagnosed scaming disabilities who make believe been mainstreamed. There are three fourth grade classes that depart join together for the unit on history and we start chosen to study World War II with special emphasis on the final solution. The curriculum impart work to make the events of the Holocaust relevant to the children. 1. Type of Curriculum Harriet Sepinwall states that John Goodlad created five types of curricula that are satisfactory for teaching fourth graders virtually the Holocaust. The five curricula are ideal, formal, perceived, operational and experimental. The operational design is what has been chosen for this educational plan. The operational classroom speaks to the function of the classroom and what is actually being done. The curriculum is defined and assessed by lesson plans, observational reports, and videotapes of instructional situations (Sepinwall 4). By using this type of curriculum it will allow students to be immersed in the Holocaust in order to make it more relevant to them. Activities will include reading, drawing, base work and group reading. 2. Goals for the Curriculum We were able to purchase 51 books about World War II and/or the Holocaust. The clinical of our program is to use the story of the Holocaust to teach about tolerance, respect for differences, and to help children understand prejudice. nearly of our goals include 1. Students will read books that include the feelings and emotions of children and adults who experienced the Holocaust. 2. To talk about the Holocaust and WWII as they denote to prejudice and people who were different. 3. To help children identify situations today that are similar to what the Jews experienced during that time. 4. To discuss how children in school day are tr eated and mistreated and talk about what could be done about those children who are mistreated. 3. Activities Because we will establish four classes coming together to learn about this time in history, we have planned both online and offline activities. As an example, we will start by talking to students about the Holocaust and what it was and how it survive into World War II. Children will read several stories during the course of two weeks from our new library of books and they will present short reports about what they read. We will discuss the info presented in terms of what happens today in similar situations. We will create literature circles so that children tail end talk about these experiences and they will learn about the Jewish experience and gain more knowledge about WWII and how it is relevant to the Holocaust. We will have the children look at a world map and find where these activities took place. Children will also talk about Hitler and how he came to power and h ow he lost. Another topic that will come up will be freedom. We will talk about freedom and how we experience freedom today and what would happen if those freedoms were taken away. Although we would analogous to take the children to the Holocaust Museum, we are not sure whether this will be a possibility with the schools budget. An alternative plan is to take them to the museum website because there is a lot of information to read and discuss. We can also take the children on a virtual tour of the Anne Frank house with important information about what happened there (one of the books we

Korean War Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Korean War - Annotated Bibliography ExampleAs a result, the Korean Peninsula was divided into half on the 38th parallel. The Russians occupied area north of the line, while the unify States of America occupied the south.In this book, the tensions and the policy-making environments leading up to the war are described in detail. Both the North and the South were to a lower place dictatorial rule. In the South, there was the anti-communist dictator Syngman Rhee, while in the North, there was the communist dictator Kim Il Sung. It is observed that neither of the dictators was content to remain on his side of the 38th parallel and border fights were rearing as a result.The connection of this invasion of the South by the North and the rising conflict therefore and the ongoing cold war is given in this piece. The war is said to have come as a surprise to the U.S. who considered it malicious and more than a mere border dispute. To them, nonintervention in the dispute was never on the table as they regarded it as a deliberate offensive in a communist campaign to take over the world.The Gays give more in-depth analysis of the situation between the United States and Russia particularly, prior to this war and the inevitability of these two nations role in the dispute. The warring nations are differently sanction by two quarreling nations and so, when one invades the other, there is bound to be suspicion of a wider play. The stands taken by America and the Soviet Union are discussed in greater details.In April 1950, a National aegis Council report known as the NSC-68 recommends the US to use military force to counter communist intricacy anywhere it was perceived to be occurring. As a result, then US President Harry Truman is quoted as saying that if they let Korea down, the Soviets will keep on going and swallowing up one place aft(prenominal) another.Lee talks about the difficulties and the armies of the war. North Korean army is seen as

Suicide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Suicide - Essay ExampleAs the author reveals, the woman is apparently tormented by her past. She feels completely shattered between her two previous husbands in Chicago, which is outside her intrinsic home in the north. She appears embittered about lost beauty.The woman lives in abject poverty, endures racial discrimination, suffers from mental illness, and feels abandoned. She is similarly depressed and lonely.The poem Suicide Note on the other hand is a representation of the disappointments that a girl faces in her life, the poem suggests that the suicide note is written while the girl is planning to tear a suicide, she expresses her disappointments, failures, struggles and hardships, she gives justifications for her act that she was unable to fight with the world and she wasnt strong enough to win and cudgel others.Both the poems thematically are same they describe human failures, disappointments and disapproval of everything. Every human world goes through these situations, suicide is a feeling that every human goes through on various occasion in life. In terms of representation, these poems contradict with each other, in Harjos poem there is a representation of suicidal feelings of a mother and in Mirikitanis poem, there is a representation of a daughters suicidal feelings.In Harjos poem the woman cries over loss of her carnal beauty, the way her physical structure is described and describing her as the mother of three suggests that she is disappointed because she has lost her physical beauty and she thinks that she has lost every reason to live, whereas in Mirikitanis poem the girl is disappointed by the fact that she couldnt prove her worth to her parents and that she has disappointed them by not proving herself to them. Thus, to conclude, it can be express that both the poems are similar on thematic

Group Development Intro and Conclusion only Assignment

Group Development Intro and Conclusion only - Assignment warningThere are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior.A group is imperturbable of individuals on the job(p) together towards common goals by interacting with one another and utilizing appropriate resources. They need a true uttermost of time for common interests to be discussed, explained and internalized so that stability and efficiency would ensue. From the cohesiveness that a group develops, certain level of performance is achieved.Groups have to be planned not only in their formation entirely more so in their development for them to be productive and efficient. Each team undergoes varies stages of development depending on their size and objectives. The extent of cohesiveness that a team develops influences the level of performance of a group. High execute teams are influenced by factors such as mission, roles, leadership, communication, decision-making, systems/procedures, climate, re wards, and competence. It is learning how these teams evolve from a basic structure composed of individuals to a complex, performing team that makes theoretical applications of group development

Creating dynamic characters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creating self-propelling characters - Essay ExampleShawn is a hip hop star. He began his love for hip hop music while still a young boy. He started a career with his high school virtuoso Christopher Latore (Kress 98-108). He is hook up with to Knowles, likes reading and listening to music, and a favorite movie is Godfather 2. Shawns favorite food is Pasta, and he has a soft spot for blue colors. He passes most of his free time playing basketball.George Porter, 34 years old short and bold man, born in Los Angeles California in the United States and married to Nelly Carey. He is a slow speaker, loves cookies and a good football player (Kress 102-112). His only sister Mitchel a paramedic left home when porter was only 12 years. He fell out of college and joined the local artisans to make money for raves and fancies. His life later got behind bars due to rising in cases of insecurity.The sister comes back home when Porter is 25 years gets a job for him in the chance management. Por ter then starts up a family and realizes he needs to stay focused (Kress 123-134). To support his family, he begins shortcake business for his wife and then joins her to expand the business that is currently one of the leading suppliers of shortcake. Porter lend oneselfs youths and leads in community sensitization on drugs

The Impact of Culture on Best Practice Production Management Essay

The Impact of Culture on Best Practice Production Management - Essay fashion modelServices industry is the fastest growing segment in the world economy and the biggest challenge is customer satisfaction which depends upon expediency quality (Bick, Abratt & Moller, 2010). client receipts excellence becomes essential to achieve customer satisfaction which in turn translates into customer loyalty. Organisations are convinced that customer service delivers benefits and hence quality precaution programmes have been created that relate the service attributes to how customers would evaluate quality (Bolton & Drew, 1991). This implies that people skills are essential for personal and organisational success. node service excellence is based on customer insight, segmentation and leadership (CSE, n.d.). Segmentation helps to understand the necessitate of the customers which differ across enculturations. Segmentation is implemented through the process of identifying and differentiating between groups that have similar involve or wants. By focusing on their needs, motivation and choices, the organisation can achieve customer service excellence as they realize that one-size-fit-all approach in not applicable in the service industry. Customer service excellence operates at three distinct levels as a driver of continuous improvement, as a skills development tool and as an independent validation of achievement. Culture, according to Hofstede, is the collective programming of the straits which distinguishes the members of one group or category from another (Hope & Muhlemann, 2001). It has also been defined as the software of the mind... and culture is the way that a group of people solve problems and reconcile dilemmas (Lorenzoni & Lewis, 2004). Moreover, customers from different backgrounds also have differing levels of literacy which influences the military rank of performance standards (Pizam & Eliss, 1999).Cultural difference cause differences in expectations, goals, values and proposed course of action. Cultural differences bushel the belongingness, love and consider needs of individuals and these principles reverse the Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. Subtle cultural differences cannot be ignored as the direct impact can be observed in decisions, outcomes and delivery of service (Korac-Kakabadse & Kouzmin, 1999). To achieve service excellence organisations would have to ensure that employees are adequately develop in the different elements of culture that manifest in many ways. Manifestation of cultural differences can be found in language and talk styles, in expression of emotions and body language, in social customs and eating habits. The deepest and the most ingrained musing of culture is the cultural assumptions from which stem the norms and values (Lorenzoni & Lewis, 2004). The most visible manifestation of culture is everyday behavioural standards. Hofstede has identified four different dimensions on which culture can be m easured. These include the power distance, individualism, distrust avoidance and masculinity. Cultures distinguish people in how they behave, maintain relationships and relate to each other in a variety of ways. It also influences the attitude towards time and the attitude towards the environment. All these factors heighten the importance of ensuring that employees are trained in understanding the nuances of different cultural backgrounds before customer service excellence can be expected. The hospitality industry is diverse in nature and each customer is individual in his/her needs and wants. The same customer may have different needs and demands in different situations (Baum & Nickson, 1998). Cultural differences impact the outcome of business because according to Hofstede different cultures imply different mental programming (Gilbert & Tsao, 2000).

America's Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Americas dally - Essay ExampleAs observed in the preface, Supreme Court justices and all other holders of positions to a lower place the federal judiciary are tenured to serve for as long as they live and atomic number 50 only be ousted from office by impeachment, a process which has not dismissed yet from the dish any justice of the United States Supreme Court. The justices are not as particular as with the steep officials in the executive and legislative branches of the United States government as far as concerning media releases. They are of the lean that what is to a greater extent important is that the public, the lawyers and the judges, both in the federal and state levels, know and understand the rationale and sapience in their decisions and the opinions stated therein. That explains why the high court did not have formal office for more than a hundred years that would supposedly attend to media matters. However, Chief Justice Warren Burger, with his activist stance, wa s in person of the view that the press sector could not just be simply disregarded. The Supreme Court was provided with its protest building in 1935. It was only during this time that the judicial highness hired a Press work in the person of one Banning Whittington, once a reporter of the United Press. The move was intend to accommodate the resident press people. Ultimately, it was deemed necessary to have a Public Information Officer who would merge and relate with and between the judiciary branch, the press, the public and, at times, the people from the movie industry. The justices then believed that the person to see up the position should not be a lawyer in order to avoid a situation where the latter might venture into giving opinions to the inquiring public with regards to a decision or pending resolution of the high court. Along that line, a situation where the personal interpretation of the office holder might pose

Challenges in College Recruiting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Challenges in College Recruiting - Essay ExampleThis aspect at times has resulted in use of punishable methods to recruit athletes (Howard, 2010).NCAA is one of the well-organized associations, which is utilized in preparing varied types of athletic programmes for numerous colleges (Keene & Wharton, 2011). It attracts unlike skilled and unskilled athletes, resulting in attainment of desired success in intercollegiate athletic programs. It helps in amplification of the corporate image and identity of the college among other renowned institutions in the region. However, unfortunately, in this era of modernization, the modus operandi of recruitment acts as a condemnation for the young athletes, which needs to be stopped by the racyer(prenominal) authorities (Howard, 2010).The objective of the paper is to identify and to highlight the aspect of illegal recruitment of athletes within the intercollegiate team of sports. It likewise includes a brief introduction about the recruitment p rocedures of the athletes. Moreover, it also discusses varied illegal processes of recruitment by the authorities of sports department. In addition, it also embraces the aspect of paying high salary to the high profile athletes as compared to others. Along with these, the negative impact of obtaining high compensation payers over the society is also described in this assignment. The requisite features, which can attract the best athletes into the sports college teams, resulting in augmentation of the image of the university among other reputed institutions in the region, have also been taken into consideration.In recent era of modernization and industrialization, college sports have expanded as a multi-dollar industry due to the evolution and development of a number of sports institutions. However, the illegal procedures employed in recruitment have created a huge impact over the high school athletic

Legacy Business Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legacy Business Project - Essay ExampleCompleting legacy business despatch on falls hardware instilled in me clear knowledge closely ashess and agency or stewardship surrounding family businesses.Completing the project made me realize the family business system is comprised of 3 mutually dependent and overlapping groups, which include the family, business and ownership. The overlap creates numerous groups within the family business with change opinions, interests and objectives. Besides family owners, there are family members, family employees, family owner-employees, non-family owner employees as well as non-family employees. For example, we found out that Cliffs hardware family business is managed by the family members including Martha Asten and Terry Asten Bennett, who has been Cliffs Variety manager since the 1990s. in that location are also employees, who are not part of the Asten family. Based on the research, it was clear that the probability of a family business trans itioning successfully from the first to the second generation is usually slim and grows slimmer as the business progresses to attendant generations.Like in every business, family business is not immune to the issues of stewardship of agency. The interest of the family business must be protected because the overlapping groups with varying interest and opinions try to push for their own ends. A healthy family system is usually advantageous to the family business while a broken family system will negatively rival the health of the family business. Trust is often a critical ownership tool in family businesses. Holding fixedness meetings is crucial for the growth and survival of legacy businesses because it creates a platform for discussions beyond the confines of boardrooms. For example, in our project during our attempts to reach Martha, a second-generation member of the family business, we were told by Frank, an employee at Cliffs that Martha and other family

Distinguish between the public and private aspects of human sexuality Essay

Distinguish in the midst of the public and private aspects of benevolent intimateity - Essay object lessonNaturally, sex is a mechanism through which serviceman beings procreate and give rise to offsprings who continue the generation of human beings. Thus, human sexuality encapsulates activities that undergo in the body of a human being, their thoughts, and spirits. The paper herein thus provides a profound word about the distinction between public and private aspects of the human sexuality through incisive ideas and rational arguments.The interest in sexual intercourse in human beings normally develops when a person reaches puberty. However, the propensity to engage in sexual relations usually varies between people. Some scientists argue that genes or environmental factors cause the variation in sexual inclination. On the some other hand, enthusiasts in the sexual relations discussion sphere maintain that some sexual activities are influenced by intuition or societal pressure. Nevertheless, the bottom-line is that people engage in sexual activities despite their various reasons. The discussion on this subject breeds contentious issues especially when it extends to distinguishing public and private aspects of the human sexuality (Botcherby and Creegan 6).The society has knack standards to mark the difference between sexual relations that are considered public or private. The outcome has been the context of legal boundaries and creation of moral standards that human beings are expected to adhere to when they engage in sexual relations (Scott and Harold 187).Human sexuality has been public by default especially for heterosexual people. Sexuality has culturally been the defining factor of a persons identity. The society has been the prime shaping agent in matters of human sexuality, rendition some private aspects of human sexuality public. In the past, some of the private aspects of human sexuality as defined by the forces of society were the different se xual orientations that people have. Naturally, human beings are

Select a big data problem, evaluate what was discovered and explain Essay

Select a life-size info problem, evaluate what was discovered and explain how it supports the business including whatsoever challenges, oppor - Essay ExampleWith these units creation used, people faced trouble to get part of the information or use it to develop a trend of events or occurrences in an environment which can be used to ensure it becomes useful to its proprietor (Sathi, 2012, p4). Some of the organisations that use big info include meteorological organisations, biological and environmental research colonial physics simulations among others. These find it difficult to establish amicable to capture, stock certificate transmit and analyse some of their data that ar collected from different events and analyse them to have necessary deductions. Units for measuring the amounts of data have go on to be invented with time and they are moving from simple to extremely complex and large-scale figures that require large capacity to store. To understand the problem of big d ata, it is good to focus on the abridgment of the issues of data compend as could be realised in different organisations within the world (OReilly Radar Team et al, 2012, p8). declamatory data problem causes and exposition In the past, people used to measure data in megabytes and in those times, 100 megabytes of data were considered a very large. With time, there data increased and gigabytes were used to measure data, this surface way for terabyte, petabytes and the latest invention of the units of measurement of data is the Exabyte. ... The big data has non gone without colossal problems in the way it ought to be handled and processed to explain phenomenon and trends in business or in any other organisation. Some problems experienced in handling big data include collecting, processing, analysing and storing of the meaningful data for future use (Ohlhorst, 2013, p11). However, in order to expound the problems of big data, analysis of the same offers an insight into the troubl e of handling that kind of data and the risks thereof. Why analysis of big data is a problem epitome of big data is problematic because there are limited systems, which can be used to store large amount of data in the same place and process desirable results using it. For this reason, analysis is one of the problems of big data in that it is difficult to combine the different bits that are making the big data. As a result, analysis of such data of great magnitude becomes difficult because there are few devices that accommodate data to a certain capacity and is type. It is tasking to engage in analysing big data because in their unstructured form, they indicate that people have taken part in an event plainly the information is decentralized into a common place for effective analysis (Best, 2008, p63). How big data is analysed To change ease of analysis, scientist start by classifying the data into groups and categories, this can be easily analysed to give the required information . The method of analysing big data by structuring is a scientific invention that is designed to ensure that organisations do not have to delete their data from their database. Companies categorise their information into clusters that are representing data for

Half Caste Essay Example for Free

fractional(prenominal)(prenominal) Caste EssayThe dickens poems I am going to comp ar are I am non that Woman by Kishwar Naheed and half(prenominal) Caste by John Agard. Although these poems are essentially ab let out different things, with I am non that woman being about a feminist and Half Caste about skin colour, underneath this they are both about being prejudiced against somebody for no real reason. The poem Half Caste begins with the words Exc drop me standing on one leg Im half caste. This is an almost self-deprecating beginning to the poem, it immediately shows that being mixed race is seen as negative, and that the soul is unsure of himself, because of this forecast. In contrast, I am not that Woman starts very strongly with the title words I am not that woman. This, although to a fault creating a feel that women are being treated unfairly, shows that the person in this poem is further stronger in her views that it is unjust, and will not stand for it, wher eas the beginning of the other poem leads us to believe that the person will put up with the unfair treatment. Half Caste then goes on to question why when picasso mix red and green is not a half caste canvas. This, as well as the example of the half caste symphony, by Tchaikovsky, is used because these besides use half caste things nevertheless these are accepted, and even highly regarded. Therefore, the poet is reasoning that he shouldnt be discriminated against when there are lots of things that are mixed that the whites view in high esteem. He is asking why they arent treated in the corresponding unfair way as he is. This could likewise have an ironic side, as he is pointing out that the whites are so prejudiced against mixed race people and yet some of the things that they hold in the very highest esteem are mixed colours.He carries on mocking in the above way, as though trying to find the answer as to why he is treated as different, when, as he points out, English weather is in their definition, half caste, i. e. mixed. It is a moment where the author shows his utter and sub bewilderment that the English can discriminate against him, when something that is so much a part of them, the weather, is half caste, and therefore, in their opinion, inferior. He cant understand why he is discriminated against by people who are actually joined to half caste things, just analogous himself.He is asking why he is treated unjustly when so many other things are mixed. Here there is also a play on words, with the weather being described as overcast and the poem being about a half caste person. This play again links the weather more than strongly to being mixed as the word is very resembling to half caste. I am not that Woman also goes on to talk about being treated unfairly because she was a woman, who would be thought of as inferior. It is also likely that she was gruesome as she talks about custom and tradition which is generally more associated with black s ocieties.However, we are shown in this poem that she has not just accepted it but has fought strongly for her right to be treated the same as everyone else. She says my part cannot be smothered by stones. By describing how she has fought against prejudice, is it obvious that this woman, like the man in Half Caste, has been discriminated against. It also literally says that I was the one you hid in your walls of stone, which can be taken to mean that she wasnt allowed to do what she wanted but was controlled, which is a form of discrimination and prejudice.However, the difference amid the two poems is that, in I am not that Woman, the person stayed strong and is succeeding despite it where as the other person is struggling along complaining that it is not fair, and as explained in the previous paragraph, questioning why they are being treated like this. It seems that the person in Half Caste maybe only deals with the discrimination by being ironical, taking the idea of half caste to extreme examples to own it clear how foolish a thing it is to discriminate against someone for it.The person in I am not that Woman has not bothered with this, and has merely fought her way through the unpleasantness until she succeeded in breaking free. The two poems therefore show two very different ways of dealing with a similar situation. The beside stanza in Half Caste says Ah looking at yu wid de keen half of mih eye. This coupled with other similar rivalences in the stanza, again shows how he is worried and squashed down by the treatment he is receiving. It also makes the reader feel that he is trapped in a certain way and unable to use his whole self, simply because he is not accepted by the community.The word keen could also refer to the fact that he sees the white people completely clearly and can see them for what they are, in his view narrow minded and vicious people as they are unfairly prejudiced against him, and is not fooled by any exterior. He is quite cleve r enough to survive the type of people they are and know what they are doing. I am not that Woman also makes several mentions to the idea of being moderate by the way she is thought of. She tells us how she was crushed, bought and sold, and a commodity you traded in. However, the contrast between the two is again that the woman in this poem also mentions that light cannot be hidden in darkness and my voice cannot be smothered by stones. This creates a picture in the reader that the woman is fighting and fluent believes that she will become somebody free and equal. Although she also was restricted she has fought to be released from her unfair treatment. The idea in the two poems is of the person who is treated badly being hampered while all the others are free, also has a difference in the way it is dealt with.In Half Caste we are told I offer yu half a hand which establishes the impression that the person is limited, because he is not the same, and cannot use all of himself. Th is leads us to the feeling that the people who are accepted in community are free to do what they want, especially as some of the references to famous people who also mix tell us that they are accepted as normal, where as the people who have not done something great, have to fit in as a white person and cannot be mixed as they are then hindered.In I am not that Woman we are given images of her hid in your walls of stone, which is again the image of being trapped because of who you are. It also mentions you roamed free as the breeze. This shows us very definitely that one person is restricted, while the ones that fit in, in this case men, in the other poem white people, are unbound. The difference is that in this poem she says fetter cannot smother my fragrance. This shows that she still feels she could, and should, be free, and as a consequence, we are made to feel that she is becoming more and more so.

Free

Free allow Determinism EssayFree leave behind is the power to choose among real substitute(a) possibilities. To have cease will is to have what it takes to act emancipately. When an agent acts freely (when she exercises her free will) what she does is up to her. A plurality of alternatives is open to her, and she determines which she pursues. When she does, she is an ultimate source or origin of her action. So runs a familiar figure of free will. Incompatibility holds that we act freely in this sense only if determinism is false. Some say miniature more about what, besides indeterminism, free will requires.And, yes, the task of providing an incompatibility account is not an belatedly one. If the truth of determinism would prevent free will, it is far from obvious how indeterminism would help. To assess the point to which free will is compatible with Determinism, one must first consider other approaches to the concept of free will and whether we, in fact, cause it. A Ha rd Determinist, such as Honderich, would take away that individuals argon not free to initiate actions or make clean-living decisions, by this means making the concept of moral responsibility unnecessary. Any moral decisions we make have uncontrollable prior causes.Therefore, a Hard Determinist would support the premise that free will and Determinism are not compatible with one another. Completely different to Hard Determinism is Libertarianism, with which free will is closely compatible. Proponents of this arrangement, such as Kant, maintain that we are all free and should take full moral responsibility for our actions. Between these two extremes stands Compatibilism. Classical Compatibilists, such as Hume, state that most moral decisions are the result of both external determined forces and an internal act of volition or will.In fact, they go so far as to say that true freedom requires causation, without which there would be randomness. Undeniably then, the cerebration of free will is incompatible with Hard Determinism. A Compatibilist or Soft Determinist, however, would prove false the claim that the two concepts are incompatible. Arguably then, Libertarianism would seem to present the most convincing approach to the issue of free will, in that it acknowledges the role of the individual in moral decision making because of their free will, while judge that the persons background will, influence the choices they make.Hard Determinism on the other hand, holdsthat we do not have free will and that all seemingly moral actions are the consequences of prior events that are out of our control. The incompatibility between this position and freedom results in the statement that it is unreasonable to hold people responsible for what they do, making praise and belt redundant. If no one is free to do otherwise than they in fact do, it does seem unfair to visit bad actions while rewarding good ones. Furthermore, Science has proved that the world is governed by cau se and effect.For a Hard Determinist, human beings are the equivalent as material things, in that they are controlled by the same laws of nature. Our wills, which we believe to be freely gained, are actually the result of a causal chain stint back into childhood. The fact we are governed by our genes and our environmentmeansthat our ability to make moral decisions as free agents, is an illusion. Therefore, the Hard Determinist position seems to be incompatible with the concept of free will.

The Importance of Reading Book Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Reading Book EssayThere is very oft ms much than to life than your work and outgo time aimlessly with latest technology products. Reading scripts gives you that a lot needed break from the chaos in your life. It instills peace interior you, makes you relaxed and also exercises your brain in the process. When you skim a book, it feels cracking to put yourself into a different world that the writer has created for you. Ask any devouring(a) exhibiter about this and they too pass on agree that rendering a book is same give care watching a movie. When you spend hours and hours recording a book, creating a world with different characters in your mind, your liking powers are sure to abbreviate a boost. Depending upon what you glance over, you give come out with the same experience as when you watch some really good movie. I have been a voracious proofreader always since i learned how to read. Thats why i never get bored even being entirely for a lo ng time. I have found that reading books is the best medicine to kill boredom. What starts with reading story books, when you are a kid, turns into reading books for improving yourself as you grow older.From story books - technical focus books - self improvement - spirituality and beyond, the journey is fantastic and you learn something with each passing day. You understand your thoughts and emotions more clearly. It makes you realize who you really are and makes your life more meaningful. Reading books willing make you a erupt commender and a better man. Thanks to technology you can easily amaze good articles to read on the internet. A great article can inspire and motivate you as much as a great book. Its not how much you read, but what you read which is more important.The only reason i recommend reading books over short articles is because when you spend hours with a thought or an idea then(prenominal) its more likely to stay with you for long time rather than when you spe nd just fewer transactions tinkering with it. Its easy to read a quote or an article for few minutes than discard it and lodge with what you were doing. But when you invest your time in reading a good book, you end up spending at least a few hours reflecting on its contents as you read. Thus, its likely to stay with you for a longer time and have some positive influence on you.A good reader also varies his reading pace based on the content he is reading and what he wants to get from it. The purpose of reading news articles is different from reading stories, which is different from reading important documents. Over a period of time, you will understand how to vary your reading pace and comprehension based on what you read and what you want from it. Also, just reading good books is not enough. The way you read it is more important. When you come crossways a new idea or a different opinion, think upon it deeply. Dont accept it or lour it blindly. Try to reason with it and understa nd the writers point of view.Reflect upon the thoughts that come to your mind whenever you read a great book. You will know whether a book is great or not based on the thoughts it awakens inside you. As you continue this habit of reading and reflecting on what you read, you will start forming your own thoughts and values. It will argufy your mind and the thoughts, customs and traditions that you have grown up with. However, there is one thing which you should always bring forward when you make this a daily habit, as you are investing a part of your life doing it. alike much reading, without any thinking and action isnt of much use.When you know you are ready to do something its time to move to the next step. Act upon what you think is right and what you have decided to do. Its easy to get so much involved in the reading process, that you forget that the main purpose of reading is to make you a better someone which can only happen when you act upon it. Just finishing one book aft er another without any real action from your side wont help you. What kind of person you want to be and what you would ultimately become depend greatly upon the type of content that you read and how much you act upon them.Reading articles that promote negativity, hatred and give wrong information is dangerous. Its better to not read anything at all than read such articles. Whether you read on some electronic device or prefer reading an actual book. Thats your personal choice. Personally, i prefer to read actual books whenever possible. I find that even after hours of reading my eyes feel fresh and full of energy. Thats something i dont find when i read too much on my computer. Before ending this article, i would like to summarize few important points and also suggest some Dos and Donts of reading* eternally read your content from a safe distance. Neither too close to your eyes neither too far away from your eyes. * Always prefer quality over quantity. Better to read one great book than hundred bonny ones. * Understand properly what you have read and reflect upon it. * Dont accept anything blindly that you read but think for yourself and try to understand the reason behind whats been written. * Bookmark interesting pages for future reference. You never know when you will need them. * Sometimes it takes more than one reading to fully grasp some thing.Dont be discomfited if you dont understand a book in one reading. Maybe when you come back to it the next time, you will get it. * Focus completely on what you are reading. Dont think about other stuff speckle reading. * If possible, create a favorite spot in your house for reading books. You will feel more relaxed whenever you are there. * And above all, enjoy your reading experience. The habit of reading good content daily will act like an exercise for your mind and keep you mentally fit and flexible. If you have never given it a try then always remember that its never too late to start a good habit.

Organizational Performance Management Essay Example for Free

Organizational Performance instruction showEach Learning Team member must(prenominal) select a unlike type of health grapple governing body to study for the purpose of this pigeonholing assignment. You are encouraged to select a different type of organization from the one chosen in the Week Three individual assignment simply its not necessary. Group members compare their chosen organizations to complete the table and paper.Resources Organizational Performance Management Table and Paper Grading Criteria and University of Phoenix existentOrganizational Performance Management Table leave a group discussion and address the adjacent points Summarize the type of health care organization you selected. Compare the main regulatory and accreditation standards that apply to to each one type of organization and identify standards that apply by and large to most or all types of health care organizations. dispute the influence of regulatory and accreditation standards on perform ance-management systems. Discuss how the performance-management systems affect risk and quality management in each type of organization. Identify key areas in the organization that will have direct office for carrying out the day-to-day responsibilities associated with the regulations or standards. Identify former(a) areas in the organization that will be indirectly affected by the regulations or standards. Outline what charge activities you could use to ensure that the regulatory and accreditation requirements are existence implemented and are achieving the desired results.Collaborate to create verbally a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you address the sideline points Address the similarities and differences among the types of organizations. Follow the link Now for extensive guide https//bitly.com/1DNjhaYLook into attending community college for your first year or two. By taking your basal core studies at a community college, you piece of ass save a considerable amount of money. You asshole then transfer all of your credits to a university of your choice. If the cost of a 4-year degree is beyond what you can afford, this is a good option. General Questions General General QuestionsEach Learning Team member must select a different type of health care organization to study for the purpose of this group assignment. You are encouraged to select a different type of organization from the one chosen in the Week Three individual assignment but its not necessary. Group members compare their chosen organizations to complete the table and paper.Resources Organizational Performance Management Table and Paper Grading Criteria and University of Phoenix Material Organizational Performance Management TableConduct a group discussion and address the following points Summarize the type of health care organization you selected. Compare the main regulatory and accreditation standards that apply to each type of organization and identify standards that apply broadly to most or all types of health care organizations. Discuss the influence of regulatory and accreditation standards on performance-management systems. Discuss how the performance-management systems affect risk and quality management in each type of organization. Identify key areas in the organization that will have direct responsibility for carrying out the day-to-day responsibilities associated with the regulations or standards. Identify other areas in the organization that will be indirectly affected by the regulations or standards. Outline what oversight activities you could use to ensure that the regulatory and accreditation requirements are being implemented and are achieving the desired results.Collaborate to write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you address the following points Address the similarities and differences among the types of organizations. Propose how each organization will monitor performance, achieve regulatory and accreditation compliance, and improve ove rall organizational performance.

Historical Weather Patterns of Michigan Essay Example for Free

Historical Weather Patterns of international mile EssayEvaluating changes in synoptic patterns is tantamount to understanding regional mode change. To date, the synoptic evaluations that have been through with(p) regarding climate change output from General Circulation Models have been restricted mainly to examining changes in storm tracks across large areas.The north generally experiences colder weather compared to the south, but air mile weather is unpredictable and switches rapidly, especially during the winter (Hodak, 21-28).Seasons and types of weatherfall, cool nights and warm days wintersnowy and constantly cold, getting dark early in the evening springwarmer days, much rainy with thunderstorms summerhot days and warm nights, daylight lasting until late in the evening (Bohnak, 87-95). People hunch over to talk or so the weather. From Maine to the Midwest, locals are convinced that their weather conditions are the weirdest. Theyll tell you about the big blizzard, t he spacious flood, or the hideous humidity, convinced that decades of harsh weather have shaped the characters of the local people (Keen, 19-27).Relationships surrounded by springtime heat accumulation and low temperature events in the western Lower Peninsula were investigated. Sixty years (1931-1990) of routine maximum and borderline temperature data from six seats were used to calculate seasonal growing percentage point day (GDD) accumulation normal and uttermost(prenominal)sand their relationship to the date of last block up at each station throughout the period. Results indicate that in spite of a wide range of individual station and year-to-year variability, both(prenominal) regional springtime GDD accumulation thresholds and last freeze dates are occurring earlier but the timing of GDD thresholds is ever-changing more rapidly, resulting in a net trend toward more freezes after certain GDD thresholds are get over and a flat or increasing amount of GDDs accumulated on the date of last freeze (Keith, 35-41).Extreme low temperature events are a normal range of springtime climatology in Michigan and goat cause severe damage to many of the states diverse agricultural crops. In particular, late spring freezes are a major concern in the western counties of the Lower Peninsula where commercial fruit production is laborious and their occurrence may be a significant factor in explaining inter-annual variations of yield (Hodak, 21-28). For example, a serial publication of freezing nights in late May 1992, damaged several types of fruit (grapes, strawberries, plums, and sweet cherries), reducing the overall potential size of the crop. Although United States mean temperatures have been rising during the last decade, perhaps as part of a wider global trend, some recent springs have been particularly warm in Michigan (e.g. 1991), extreme low temperature events continue to occur (Keen, 19-27).The possible association between regional temperature trends and the risk of exposure of extreme minimum daily temperature events has not been widely examined. Some efforts have focused on documenting recent changes in the duration of the growing season or on the relationship between mean temperature trends, but little is gettable concerning Michigan (Keith, 35-41).Furthermore, recent literature is largely silent on the question of how springtime low temperature risk is conditioned by antecedent weather patterns, that is, for example, whether a warm April is normally followed by a lower-than-average hoarfrost risk in May. Regardless, to the extent to which climatological findings of this type could be generalized from one climatic region to other is uncertain, so such relationships established elsewhere might carry very little information about the risk in Michigan (Bohnak,87-95).One important relationship between human activities and the atmosphere is contamination. The wellness effects of polluted air and the ways in which humans and soci ety can reduce pollution are ideas that are considered in the middle and high school benchmarks. At the high school level, in particular, this includes a discussion of global warming and acid rain. Interestingly, one issue for the teaching of these topics is the exclusive tie-in between air pollution and human activities with lack of regard for other natural sources of air pollution, such as burning leaves, fireplaces, volcanoes and methane gas from cows (Keen, 19-27).All of the changes are consistent with changes in the general large-scale flow patterns. An understanding of all these synoptic changes provides richness and a more conceptual understanding of how climate change may affect the Great Lakes region.ReferencesBohnak, Karl, So Cold a Sky Upper Michigan Weather Stories, Cold Sky Publishing, Negaunee, MI, pp. 87-95Hodak, J. United States Weather Michigan Edition, U.S. Weather Corp. Oklahoma City, OK. 1976, 21-28Keen, Richard A., Michigan Weather, newspaper Two Bears Press, September 1993, pp. 19-27Keith Heidorn, Keith, And NowThe Weather, Publisher Fifth House, Jul 13 2005, pp. 35-41

Strength of Adhesives in a lap joint Essay Example for Free

Strength of Adhesives in a dampen joint EssayStrength of Adhesives in a lap jointIntroduction Shear force refers to any internal force which acts in a perpendicular direction on a substance to its extension. For example air pressure along an air plane wing (Krenk, 2007). Compression test involves a measuring instrument much(prenominal) as leak-down tester used in determining internal condition of combustion engines its done by compressing air into the cylinder and recor dingdong the rate at which air is leaking out.eg testing the condition of rush cars engines and other engines of vehicles with high performance (Chang, 2000). Double lap configuration refers to configuration of different timbers use polyvinyl acetate.Advantages of polyvinyl acetateToxicity its non toxic which can be handled without any danger but not healthy for consumption. It doesnt have gassy fumes thus no need of ventilation in rooms which ar closed or during cold days.Drying magazine polyvinyl acetate dr ies up quickly. Normally, if applied in little amount it makes a thin coat which takes less than 30mins to dry up. For heavier applications it can take a lot of time of about 24hrs with other conditions being applied such as pressure.Reversible its easily reversed using water. It implies that a material is attached using PVA, it can be removed using water such as in archival purposes (Merrick, 2005).Clean up it can be cleaned up easily using soap and water without applying other toxic thinners. When dry, it can be removed by peel ding without causing damage to the surface.Characteristics of PVAPVA particles when dry they have microscopic appearances which argon similar.Dry PVA particles argon similar and significantly increase in size during nonionic contrast suspension.When each PVA group is measured and parameters compared using software program in a microcomputer, they present a non-consistent histogram.initially their particles were obtained through rasping Avalon block.Their particles are related to fluid viscosity effect or their behavior in solution. This makes them to be compressible and flexible in nature.Characteristics of resin based adhesivesDurability resin based adhesives are to a greater extent durable compared to other adhesives such as syntheticResin based adhesives made of cementum are more superior to those of glass and zinc phosphate.They temporarily form synthetic adhesives when polyvinyl acetate is suspended. near of resin based adhesives are derived from polymers where adhesives of good properties are shown.Resin based has strong adhesion forces which makes them more durable compared to other forms of adhesives (Vlieger, 1995).Resin based adhesives appears in different forms such water based and cement based adhesives.Advantages of Resin Based AdhesivesIn flammable resin based do not contain flammable solvents which makes them friendly to human beings.They dont wear and are resistant to shrinkage when they have change up.Resins based are of high quality compared to other forms of adhesives.Their different forms such water based are eco-friendly due to their non toxic nature.They are moisture resistant. Double lap configuration is configured using nark of light weight where adhesive forces are required in joining their respective wireless control condition LAN. In conclusion, PVA particles are non uniform which have weak farces of adhesion. This affects the lap joints making them appear actually weak. Resin based is known to be more durable making the relationship between lap joints stronger.ReferencesChang, J. Y. (2000). Biopolymers, PVA hydrogels, anionic polymerisation, nanocomposites. Berlin Springer.Merrick, M. J. (2005). The behaviour of PVA adhesives in chairs. S.l. Furniture Industry Research Association.Krenk, S. (2007). Beam hypothesis stresses in an adhesive lapjoint. Roskilde, Denmark Ris National Laboratory.Vlieger, H. (1995). Results of uniaxial and biaxial tests on riveted fuselage lapjoint sp ecimens. Amsterdam National Aerospace Laboratory NLR.Source instrument

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate Two Models of Abnormality EssayThe essence of a psychodynamic approach is to explain deportment in call of its dynamics i. e. the forces that drive it. The best known example of this approach is Freud. Freud believed that the origins of intellectual disorder lie in the unresolved conflicts or childhoods which ar un sensible. Medical maladyes are not the outcome of strong-arm disorders but of these psychological conflicts. Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego create anxiety. The ego protects itself with various defence mechanisms (ego defences). These defences can be the cause of disturbed conduct if they are overused.In childhood the ego is not developed enough to deal with traumas and therefore they are repressed. For example, a child may experience the death of a parent early in carriage and repress associated feelings. Later in life, opposite leavinges may cause the individual to re-experience the earlier loss and can lead to depression. Previously the unexpressed anger about the loss is directed inwards towards the self, causation depression. Ego defences, such as repression and regression, exert pressure through unconsciously prompt behaviour.Freud proposed that the unconscious consists of memories and opposite information that are either very hard or almost impossible to bring into conscious awareness. Despite this, the unconscious mind exerts a powerful effect on behaviour. This frequently leads to di emphasis, as the psyche does not understand why they are acting in that particular way. The underlying problem cannot be controlled until brought into conscious awareness. However Abstract concepts such as the id, ego and superego are difficult to define and research.Because actions motivated by them operate on an unconscious level, there is no way to know for accredited that they are occurring. Also a common criticism of Freuds work is that it was sexist. The Biological approach is the view that behaviour ca n all be explained in terms of biological mechanisms, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, headspring action at law and influences inherited via genes. A biological psychologist explains abnormal behaviour in terms of an abnormal biology, and therefore explains mental disorder as the consequence of malfunctioning of these biological systems.It follows the belief that treatment should repair these faulty systems, employ somatic therapies such as drugs, ECT and psychosurgery. The biological (medical) model assumes that all mental disorders are cogitate to round change in the luggage compartment. Mental disorders are like physical disorders i. e. they are illnesses. Such changes or illnesses may be caused by one of four possible factors * Genetic Inheritance * Biochemistry * Neuroanatomy * Viral contagious disease Abnormalities in brain anatomy or chemistry are sometimes the result of genetic inheritance, and so are passed from parent to child.One way of investigation this poss ibility is by studying parallel. Pairs of identical twins can be compared to see whether, when one twin has a disorder, the new(prenominal) has it as well. This provides us with a capital of New Hampshire rate. A concordance Rate the extent to which two individuals are similar to each other in terms of a particular trait. There are low concordance rates for some mental disorders, such as phobias, but relatively high concordance rates for others e. g. schizophrenic psychosis. Genes tell the body how to function.They determine, for example, the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain (biochemistry). Genes also determine the structure of the brain (Neuroanatomy). Research has shown that schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles in their brains, indicating of brain tissue around these spaces. Research suggests that some disorders may be related to exposure to certain viruses in utero (i. e. in the womb). For example, Torrey (2001) give that the mothers of many people wi th schizophrenia had contracted a particular tense up of influenza during pregnancy.The virus may enter the unborn childs brain, where it remains dormant until puberty, when other hormones may activate it, producing the symptoms of schizophrenia. The emergence of the medical model in the 18th century led to to a greater extent(prenominal) humane treatment for mental patients. Until then mental illness was blamed on demons or on evil in the individual. The medical model offered a different source of blame the illness, which was potentially treatable. However, more recent critics have claimed that the medical model is inhumane.Thomas Szasz (1972) argued that mental illnesses did not have a physical basis, therefore should not be thought of in the same way. He suggested that the concept of mental illness was invented as a form of social control. The available evidence does not support a sincere cause and effect link between mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and altered brain c hemistry. For example, schizophrenia is commonly associated with an excess of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine.However, some studies of schizophrenic patients have shown reduced levels of dopamine in some brain tissues, meaning that there may be simultaneous excesses and deficiencies in different split of the brain. There is no evidence that mental disorders are purely caused by genetic inheritance concordance rates are never 100%. Gottersman and Shields (1976) reviewed the results of five studies of twins looking for concordance rates for schizophrenia. They found that in monozygotic twins (identical) there was a concordance rate of around 50%. If schizophrenia was entirely the product of genetic inheritance then this figure should be 100%.It is likely that, in the case of certain disorders, what individuals inherit is susceptibility for the disorder, but the disorder itself only develops if the individual is exposed to nerve-wracking life conditions (i. e. stress). This is called the diathesis-stress model. Diathesis-Stress Model a belief that, in case of certain disorders, individuals inherit a susceptibility for the disorder (diathesis) which develops only if he individual is exposed to difficult environmental conditions (stress). The greater the under-lying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger the disorder.

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandelas Values tasteIt will be hard to believe if a person says A man who served twenty seven years in prison, turned out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen. Well this did in truth happen and this former president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, southeasterly Africa, he was a drawing card of the anti-apartheid diement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his stretch out from prison he led a multi-racial party for the graduation exercise cartridge holder ever in South Africas history. By doing this he was elected as the first smuggled/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely regarded as a symbol of global peacemaking, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. His birthday, July 18, has been declare Mandela Day a global celebration of his legacy. Mandela reached this success and earned the title of a world celebrated leader with his time values in leadership, standing up for what he believed in, that is in democratic handle and his slopped disapproval of injurist.Nelson Mandela valued leadership since his early days, considered by many as a ultra leader he helped organize the fight against racism and apartheid in South Africa. (Brink). Mandela witnessed leadership at a youngish age when observing his guardian supervising tribal decision-making gatherings. Mandelas guardian listened in silence for days, neer voicing his opinion even after everyones opinion was heard. After everyone had spoken, his guardian guided the base to reach a consensus. Later, Mandela used this experience to mold his leadership style (Stengel). According to Stengel, Mandela recalled the following lesson regarding leadership from when he was a young cattle herder When you want to get a herd to move in a certain direction, he said, you stand at the back with a stick . Then a few of the more energetic cattle move to the front and the rest of the cattle follow. You are in reality guiding them from behind. He paused before saying with a smile, That is how a leader should do his work. Furthermore, Mandelas vigorous value for leadership began with him displaying his ability to organize and lead others by helping to create the Youth unite of African National relation back (ANCYL) which organized protests, boycotts, petitions, and strikes to end apartheid.Previously the African Nation Congress (ACN), ANCYLs parent organization, had petitioned the government for years forequality with little success. However, with increased success of the movement, the government increased craze toward nonviolent protesters and banned the ANC. Mandela and other leaders in the movement had to decide how to respond. In a tough decision, they concluded that nonviolence would no longer be effective and that the ANC needed to continue underground. These actions result ed in the incarceration of Mandela and many ANC leaders, but this action helped to inspire others and to prepare the country for change (Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa.).After more than twenty years in prison, Mandela decided it was time to take matters into his own hands. He realized that, as a leader, it was time to take a drastic step, and he met with the South African president in order to discuss his release and his desire to switch the nation to a democracy.Mandela was successful, and upon his release he was elected the first democratic leader of South Africa (Brink). Mandela always stood up for what he believed in he was never fazed by an opponent. Mandelas value of believing in the democratic make is an example. Even though many did not always agree with this idea, he believed it was the right way in advance (Johnson). He was at first unsuccessful with his pursuits, this included the time when he tried during his imprisonment to arrive a t prisoners to be addressed more respectfully by guards, and also later when he attempted to collect the national voting age lowered to 14 (Stengel). But slowly he established his behind of democracy and people were finally drawn to it (Stengel). Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson Democratic leaders set policies done group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson).Mandelas other key value that supported his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for in rightness. Mandela never tolerated injustice he believed that justice was the only path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to condemn the condition they were living in. This worked out in their upgrade and the conditions improved (Hume).This example highlights Mandelas value for denouncing injustice andoppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to build commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process. His stance for promoting justice and peace has been hailed across the world. He led South Africa from a white supremacist country to being the first democratic nation in Africa. With these values Nelson Mandela reached the ultimate success in the eyes of everyone.Work citedBrink, Andre. Nelson Mandela. Time. Time, 13 Apr. 1998. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.http//www.time.com/time/ magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C988171%2C00.html. Hume, Tim. Digital Mandela Archive Spreads Message of Social Justice. CNN. production line unfermenteds Network, 28 Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. http//www.cnn.com/2012/03/28/world/africa/mandela-online-archive/index.html. Johnson, Caleb. A Leaders Nest New York Times New York 1993 Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http//go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=Nonesort=RELEVANCEinPS=trueprodId=GVRLuserGroupName=kent208tabID=T003searchId=R5resultListType=RESULT_LISTcontentSegment=searchType=BasicSearchFormcurrentPosition=2contentSet=GALE%7CCX3490200977docId=GALECX3490200977docType=GALE. Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa. ratty War Museum. The Cold War Museum, 17 May 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http//www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/CNelsonMandelaandSouthAfrica.asp. Stengel, Richard. Mandela His 8 Lessons of Leadership. Time. Time, 09 July 2008. Web. 24Nov. 2012. http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1821659,00.html.

The Poverty Problem Essay Example for Free

The penury Problem EssayIn approximately every part of the world, the plague that scantness is can be seen. Even in the most happy countries and cities, there be gray areas that reek of poverty. However, poverty is non unsolvable. Pogge (2005, p. 2) highlights one aspect of lick global poverty which involves the prosperous countries. To Pogge, the rationalization of economists that poverty is caused by local factors is what is wrong. It is wrong to think that circumstances poverty-stricken countries is charity and that withholding help does non make them morally irresponsible. In another aspect, poverty is not just the absence of a stable and good income it is the absence of opportunities that would allow one to conk out a tolerable life. Many people live in the absence of sufficient food, shelter, knowledge and health care. These are the basic needs of humans yet they are being deprived of this. They are as well as often exposed or are vulnerable to ill health, eco nomic dislocation, natural disasters, and ill interference by the state. There is a huge difference between the situation in generative and in scurvy countries.In rich countries, 1 of 100 children does not reach its fifth birthday objet dart in poor countries one in five children die before reaching 5, often because of hunger or dis alleviation. There is also a huge different in terms of nourishment. In rich countries, less than 5 percent of children are malnourished except in poor countries, more than 50 percent are malnourished (Nwaobi, 3). One of the most poverty-stricken places on the planet may be Africa as its economic performance fall short of all other countries. Most Africans live by $0. 65 a day and this spot is even growing at an exponential rate.Poverty in Africa could even become dynastic such(prenominal) that there is no improvement in the situations. The children of the poor lie just as poor. Africa also suffers from inequality in terms of income, assets, cont rol over public resources, feeler to services, and pervasive insecurity. This only aggravates the situation in Africa. Nigeria may be a rich country but the people there still suffer from poverty. Politics in Nigeria also resulted in a decline in quality income distributionthe rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer (Nwaobi, 3-4).Children are especially affected in multiplication of poverty. Since children are still dependents on their parents or guardians, they can only enter or avoid poverty by the level of their familys financial capacity and economic capabilities. Children cannot do anything about their economic characterise until they become adults and are able to fend for themselves. While different governments cast off a variety of programs to ease childrens suffering because of poverty, it can only do so much. Even in the presence of such programs, children still suffer (Gunn Duncan, 1997, 55-56).The well-being of a child is measured in a variety of categories, namely (1) physical health, (2) cognitive ability, (3) school achievements, (4) emotional and behavioral outcomes, and (5) teenage out-of-wedlock childbearing. Children born from poverty often are underweight which makes them vulnerable to sickness if not born with a sickness. They also often suffer from hinder growth and lead poisoning. Poor children are also 1. 3 times as likely to exhaust learning disabilities and development delays. Since these children suffer financially and cannot afford schooling, they only suffer the more.In the absence of education and experience, these children have a lesser chance of getting out of poverty as they grow old. Additionally, poor children have also been found to be more vulnerable to emotional and behavioral problems. Also, some(prenominal) studies have highlighted that a limited family income have led teenage girls to have non-marital childbirths (Gunn Duncan, 1997, 57-64). While the United States can be considered as one of the richest nations, it has its own share of poverty-related problems. In solving poverty in the United States, several assumptions were initially proposed.Capitalism is not the solution to poverty and even as capitalism can gain jobs, there is no assurance that all these jobs will provide an income greater than the minimum wage. However, even as capitalism is not the absolute solution, the poverty problem should be resolved using a capitalistic approach and not with a socialist approach. Even in good economic times, the US does not have enough jobs to support its populace and there is a need for subsidies, social services and assembling adequate taxes. The government also needs to deal with people who are poor not because they cannot manoeuvre but because they are lazy.Solving poverty does not demand a single solution. It needs a complex solution since there are different levels of poverty. Additionally, the government needs more taxes to help solve poverty and this means higher taxes from people far above the poverty line. It may seem partial but it is a legitimate solution. Lastly, since solving poverty will solve other social problems, place on poverty-alleviation is a good way to go and should always be the first problem to denotation (How Can We Solve, pp. 61-63).While it has been noted that poverty is present even in the most prosperous nations, it is not insurmountable, though it may require much effort to combat. Poverty is the source of all social problems so solving poverty should always be the first measuring rod that the government should take. Poverty has a bundle of negative implications especially with children since they still do not have an economic liability. No one step can solve poverty since this is a complex problem, what should be done is create a number of assumptions depending on the depth of the poverty problem and come up with solutions based on these assumptions.? References Pogge, T. (2005). World Poverty and Human Rights. Ethics and International Affairs 19 (1). Nwaobi, G. Solving the Poverty Crisis in Nigeria An Applied widely distributed Equilibrium Approach. Quantitative Economic Research Bureau. Department of Economics University of Abuja. Gunn, J. Duncan G. (2007). The Effects of Poverty on Children. Children and Poverty, 7 (2). How Can We Solve The Problem of Poverty. Available from Pine Forge http//www. pineforge. com/upm-data/13691_Chapter4. pdf

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member Essay Example for Free

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member EssayThe Presbyterian Church was founded during the 16th century during the dissent Reformation. Much of the teachings and philosophies began with John Calvin (1509-1564). Currently, the Presbyterian Church (USA), is based in Louisville, Kentucky and has about 2. 4 million members belonging to 11,100 congregations. The perform helper service excessively has about 14,000 ordained and active ministers. The Presbyterian Church belongs to the Presbyterian family of Churches which also includes the meliorate church buildinges synonymous with the Calvinist tradition. In the U. S. A. , the first church was organized in 1706 and the first usual assembly in 1789. The church as it stands today was the result of the reunification of the two main branches of the Presbyterian Church separated since the Civil War. The church has membership in all fifty states and Puerto Rico. 1) What sacraments do you celebrate? What rituals do you perform? Ou r church primarily recollects in two sacraments the sacrament of baptism and the sacrament of communion. These ar the only sacraments mentioned in the playscript. The only rituals performed are baptism for newborns and for those who newly converted to the Presbyterian Church faith.We pretend no rituals, other than attending a sunlight service performed by a minister in the church structure by congregation. We celebrate our faith by dint of singing often accompanied by the choir and a sermon delivered by the minister. 2) What are some of your most customary traditions? The Presbyterian Church still practices what was started and rooted in the legers teachings. We do have a general assembly that outlines our mission and goals for specific activities that the church members will undertake for a specified period of time.We abide by the decisions passed during the general assembly. We do missions inside and outside the country, more specifically in East Asia, Africa and othe r continents wherever our mandates take us. We basically do preaching, teaching and healing following Christ when he advocated for the poor, the starved and the oppressed. 3) What beliefs distinguish your denomination from others? The Presbyterian Church (U. S. A. ) is distinctly a confessional and a connectional church, distinguished by the representation of elders-laymen and laywomen-in its reinment.Our church is also distinct in adhering to a separate religious thought known as Reformed Theology and a more democratic and representational church lead that is now known as the General Assembly. 4) How was your church founded? Approximately twenty years after martin Luther King posted his list of 95 grievances on a Roman Catholic Church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517, a cut/Swiss theologian name John Calvin corking the reformers manner and way of thinking about idol and humankinds relationship with deity.This refined way of thinking became the basis for the foundation of the Presbyterian Church. 5) Who is the head of your church? The General Assembly meets and outlines the specific activities and guidelines for all its congregations to follow. The General Assembly consists of elders chosen by the people. The word Presbyterian centre elder in Greek. The chosen elders exercise leadership, government, discipline and have responsibilities for the duration of the congregation. The body of elders elected to govern a particular congregation is called a session. According to the Book of Order G-6.0302 When elected commissioners to higher establishment bodies, elders participate and vote with the same authority as ministers of the Word and Sacrament, and they are eligible for any theatrical roleThe session is the smallest, most local governing body. The other governing bodies are presbyteries, which are composed of several(prenominal) churches synods, which are composed of several presbyteries and the General Assembly, which represents the entire denomin ation. Elders and ministers who serve on these governing bodies are also called presbyters. 6) What is the role of women in your church?The Presbyterian Church adheres to the equal sharing of servitude as vigorous as leadership to women. Women displace serve as elders, deacons and head of committees. The first ordination women elders occurred in 1962 and the first ordained women ministers began as early as 1965. 7) Have you been a life-long member of your church? If you converted, can you tell me why? I was born to conservative Catholic parents. I was baptized as a Catholic but plot of ground in College, I joined a social service organization that provides services to the marginalized people in the rural areas.That was when I met a friend who introduced me to the Presbyterian way of reformed thinking. From then on, I almost read the Bible and everything that was taught to me since I was born, like John Calvin, I began to question. More discussions with my friend made me a conve rt. 8) What happens during a typical worship service? in that location are similarities and differences between a Catholic service and the Presbyterian worship service. The Catholic Church has prescribed a set of ceremony that begins when a non-Christian priest would estimate the church with his assistants or what we call altar boys.There is a set book of sermon that the priest goes over. There is also a time for communion. But in the Presbyterian Church worship service there is more open discussion of the scriptures. The minister can provide insights and there is a more blessed environment to worship God and his teachings. The ambience is so much different. Presbyterian Church members sing their praise to God. There is no nagging ceremony and no confessional to attend to before partaking of the Body of Christ. A Sunday worship is determined by the pastor, and the session, the churchs governing body.It usually includes a combination of prayer, music, Bible reading and a sermon b ased upon scripture. There is also a personal response and oblation and community concerns are shared as part of the worship process. 9) Do you believe those from other faiths can have salvation, or go to heaven? Yes, it is possible. John Calvin believed in predestination. We chose God because he chose us first. Hence, we cannot jurist who among us will be saved or who will go to heaven because that is a fantasy reserved for God only. He alone knows who will be saved. 10) What are your views of the afterlife?I believe that there is life after death but only by the seemliness of God and through faith. 11) How does your faith interpret the Bible? For Presbyterians, the Bible is the means by which we, as Christians can come to view the presence of God since the beginning of time. By understanding and learning the scriptures, we can then know of Gods have sex, eternal goodness and constant benevolence of our sins. 12) How often does the church call upon you to pray? How often do y ou pray each day? The church exhorts church members and believers to pray as much as we can either by praying aloud, in community with others or as much as we aim to.It basically depends how much an individuals needs. 13) What does the Presbyterian impression mean or symbolize? The church seal is the symbol of the church heritage, identity and its mission. The symbols embedded in the seal are the cross, Scripture, dove and the flames. The more heavy(p) symbol in the seal is the cross. It represents the love of God through Jesus Christ, through his sacrifice and resurrection. 14) What are your views on abortion, intoxicant, and capital punishment? The 217th General Assembly of the church clarified the position on worry pregnancies and abortion.The position paper basically states that the matter of abortion is ultimately the womans decision. The church though appeals to all members of the church to surround problematic women contemplating decision on a problematic pregnancy with love and support. The church clarified further that on matters of health concerns that is complicated by pregnancy they encourage the uninjured delivery of both the mother and the child (during late term pregnancies). With regards alcohol consumption, the general assembly of the church does not advocate the prohibition of alcohol, a policy which would appear to attribute the entire problem to alcohol itself.Responsible and non-problematic uses of alcohol have been part of human experience and the Judeo-Christian heritage since the beginning of save history however, the church advocates voluntary abstinence from alcohol consumption. With regards the issue of capital punishment, the most recent arguing in 1985 reaffirmed the churchs position on its continuing opposition to capital punishment. 15) What are your views on sin and do you believe that God punishes humans for sins they commit? Humans are born to slew and sin. But the God that I know is not vengeful.God is a forgiving G od that bestows forgiveness even to those who err in their ways. The repercussions of our actions or sins on earth are enough punishment for us humans. As a conclusion give a paragraph reflection of the denomination as well as a contrast/ comparison between this denomination and Catholicism. In conclusion, the Presbyterian Church as refined by the studies of John Calvin deviated and differed from the Catholic Church in a lot of ways. These are as follows 1. Presbyterians do not have a single head of Church. We do not have a pope. We have a congregation or assembly of elders whom our communities of members have chosen.2. We do confessions by ourselves and believe that through the grace of God, and through submission of our confessions to God, we are forgiven. The Catholic Church requires confession of an individual to a priest. 3. Women are tempered as equals and can be equally ordained as ministers and chosen as an elder. 4. The interpretation of the Bible is not mystically interpre ted but through careful analysis and through scholarly studies. 5. suppliant and worship is done either individually or in community with other Presbyterian Church members in joyful celebration of the grace and love of God.Works Cited 1 Presbyterian Church website (USA) http//www.pcusa.org/

The Marine Industry

The Marine IndustryIntroductionPurposeThis report aims to educate readers just ab disclose the refuge of seaf arers going a direction to sea and the possible dangers that they face up. The report go forth also elaborate about the ongoing issues and measures taken to come across the safety of the seafarers.BackgroundMarine Industry has been a cogitation platform for investment and income since the ancient times. Seafarers face possible dangers from collision of carrys, recruit and weather conditions. thitherfore, the casualties onboard a enchant cast been increasing due to neediness of awareness towards safety on board the enrapture. The external oceanic Organisation( IMO) took steps to prevent such disasters from keeping. Rules see been set up to make sure the equipments onboard the ship are up to mesh, bear witness and are on a regular basis inspected. Workers onboard must be well proficient in the safety aspects. fit in to the International nautical Organisation (2009),ship safety is a subject that is currently receiving high attention by virtu aloney countries. The International oceanic Organisation(2009) give tongue to that this was due to a number of serious vessel casualties that have fadered in recent years.MethodologyThe training for this report was obtained from the International pattern for the pencil eraser of smell sentence at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 edition, reference books, research about shipping companies and the internet. Case studies were taken from online give-and-take expressions.ScopeAs there are m any(prenominal) possibilities that could happen onboard a ship, this report allow for investigate solely about the possible intellect of advance at sea, preventive measures, consequences of awaken, actual events that took place due to call forth, types of heighten and much to a greater extent.Fire Hazards onboard the ShipCauses of FireAccording to John G. Antherson (2000),the causes of fire on a ship arent a lot diffe rent than the causes of fires in any urban setting. As there are electrical circuits onboard the ship, there is a chance for an electrical fire is to occur. Machinery onboard a ship sewer get hot when its operating. An overheating bearing could cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Ships uses burning systems to generating steam, and internal combustion engines are used generate electricity. These combustion system go forth get precise hot and can cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Closed machinery spaces and the volatility of force out, lubricants and hydraulic fluids around the hot machinery can lead to a fire or an explosion. A collision at sea could initiate a fire. The galley where food is prepared is another fire hazard on board a ship.(John G. Antherson 2000) During ship repairing, metal cutting and welding equipment is carried and used to unseasonable equipment. Sparks from this equipments could also start a fire. There are some more possible ways fires could be sta rted. Fire hazards in the cabin could also cause fire to occur. An obligate (Anon Fires In Ships 2002) states that careless smoking is the main cause of fires in ships.In angiotensin converting enzyme case scenario, sixteen Chinese nationals have been taken to the hospital after a fire stony-broke out in their ship(APL Columbia) at port Botany on 5 January 2010.A crew member onboard the 45,000 deoxythymidine monophosphate APL Columbia(IMO9252242) noticed a fire in his cabin about 1.30am.The man tried to put out the fire but was unsuccessful.The crew members had suffered from smoke inhalation and the fire was put out about 5.30 am using the ships own firefighting equipment. In another case scenario, a fire broke out in the engine room. A Maersk container ship (Maersk Duffield) crossed Brisbanes Moreton Bay with its engine room on fire and the natural Management Queensland helicopter is en route to assist. One crew member required treatment.Shipping Database,2009-2010Online ava ilable from http//www.shippingdatabase.com/ Accessed 31 January 2010According to the chart ( figure 1) made by the nautical Institute in Gdansk(2007), most fire accidents occur during ship repairs. Fire caused from ship repairs take up 79.3% of most fire accidents in their case study. Meanwhile, figure 2 showed that 24.11% of fire occurring on board a ship is located at the Cargo holds and tanks. furcatees of FireThere are 4 types of fire that might occur onboard a ship. There are Class A , Class B , Class C and Class D fires. The U.S department of Agriculture, Forest Service(2007) tell that Ordinary combustible fires are the most common type of fire, and are designated chthonic Class A fire . These occur when a solid, organic bodily such as wood, cloth, rubber, or plastic become heated to their flash point and ignite. This class of fire is fairly simple to scrap and contain .According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2008),the most common way to do this is by spra ying the burning material with water, oxygen can also be removed by surround the fire with foam from a fire consumeer.Meanwhile, combustible liquifiable are categorized under Class B fire. The National Fire Protection Association(2008) reports that this fire fit the same basic fire tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical substance reply) as ordinary combustible fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas.An efficient way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is to disrupt the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents. According to an extract from Industrial Hygiene and cultivation Management (2008) ESH Manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, class D fire are fires that are caused by flammable or combustible metals. Examples given by the ESH manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, of such metals are titanium , atomic number 11 ,magnesium, potassium, ura nium and calcium.Generally, metal fire risks occur when sawdust, machine shavings and other metal are present. These fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that would start other common fires.Wikipedia, Fire Classes Online Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_classesAccessed 1 February 2010A crew onboard a fishing vessel said that If a fire was to start onboard a ship, crew members onboard must know what type of fire it is. If a wrong extinguisher or order is being used, the fire might spread even more. ( Florida Sport Fishing Crew 2002)Consequences of fire spillage of Revenue and Marine EnvironmentThe International Maritime Organisation (2009) said that most accidents onboard a ship will result in a loss of revenue. Cargos onboard a ship might be dishonored and millions of dollars worth of cargos and resources will be touched. Fire onboard a tanker ship will have a high chance of causing an explosion and fuel leaked into the sea will cause water po llution and that will affect the ocean environment. Thousands of dollar will be used to clean up the crude inunct spill. A case study given by the style State Information exchange (2006) was that of Hyundai heap where an accidental fire broke out on 21st March 2006. The combined cost of the ship and damaged cargo is estimated at over 300 million US dollars.According to an online article by Brisbane Times, oil spill clean-up can be rather costly. In a case study by the article, an insurer of a Hong Kong-based cargo ship had to foot the bill for a 20 tonnes of diesel fuel into waters off Stradbroke Island. Authorities announced that the estimated cost of the clean-up will reach about $100,000 a twenty-four hour period and take seven days to complete.Daniel Hurst 2009 , Oil spill clean-up to cost $100,000 a dayOnline Brisbane times Available from http//www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/oil-spill-cleanup-to-cost-100000-a-day/2009/03/12/1236447368184.html Accessed on 7th Feb ruary 2010Political FalloutPolitical fallout might also occur if swift action is not taken. Political fallout will cause the reputation of the government or authority to be at stake.(M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn 1992) The disasters that occur within the Maritime Industries can be used as an example for opposition parties to blame the government and this might change the mindset of the society towards the government.According to an online article by BBC news, an oil well in the Timor Sea off the north-west coast of Australia caught fire. The oil wangle had been leaking oil and marine fire fighters were struggling for ten weeks to stop the leak. The National Offshore Pet fiberum Safety Authority had been called out to help encounter the fire and other teams such as the Geoscience Australia and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority were on standby. However, an opposition spokesman accused the Environment Minister of Australia of doing nothing to stop the oil leak.BBC News 2009 , Aust ralia well catches fire Online Available from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stm tender-hearted CasualtiesAccidents onboard a ship will also cause human casualties to occur. Fire especially will be life threatening onboard a passenger ship and it will cause chaos and panic among passengers. ( L.M. Collins 1999) A good way to ensure that human life is not lost is for the crew and passengers to follow instructions given by the Captain. If the passengers follow the instructions swiftly, they will be able to escape from the ship safely.( L.M. Collins 1999)One of the major events that had many human casualties was that of RMS Titanic. According to David G , Titanic was struck by an iceberg and sank in deuce hours and forty minutes on 15 April 1912. The sinking of the Titanic resulted in 1517 deaths out of the 2223 people on board. The high casualty rate was due to the fact that the ship was not carrying enough lifeboats for everyone onboard.Brown, David G. (2000). The Las t put down of the Titanic. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071364471.Most fire cases are quickly dealt with and the only losses that the crew face are the cargos or raw materials onboard. Up to this day, passenger ship have not faced any fire incidents that resulted in major human casualties.Fire Safety MeasuresSafety of manner at Sea(SOLAS)M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn(1992) said that fire casualties on ships lead almost certainly to disastrous results because of the limited and isolated areas of the vessels and the lack of immediate and easy recover for the rescue team. Preventive measures are therefore much more effective in the effort to obviate such casualties than rescue and fire-extinguishing procedures or devices. Marine fire casualties in merchant ships the Greek statistics 1992 Available from http//www.springerlink.com/ electrical capacity/h8362077847j9127/In 1914, The International Maritime Organisation had a convention among international leaders and maritime leaders to disgorge about maritime safety. Of all the international conventions dealing with maritime safety, the most primary(prenominal) is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS). There have been many versions of SOLAS adopted by the International Maritime Organisation but the present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980.The SOLAS conventions have all covered many aspects of safety at sea. The convention in 1914 included chapters on safety of navigation, construction, fire protection and life-saving appliances.(International Maritime Organisation 2009)This shows that the International Maritime Organisation is constantly trying to find ways to mitigate the aspects of safety at sea to ensure the safety of seafarers life by introducing the Safety Of Life at Sea(SOLAS) and updating it.Fire Safety Test and Safety EquipmentOne of the fire safety measures is to canalize fire safety test for the ship. Fire safety of ships is an extremely important area. Before any material can be used onboard a ship, it must have successfully passed strict tests and have been certified for use. This is to ensure that the material or equipment does not pose a fire hazard onboard the ship. (SP Technical question Institute of Sweden 2008)Another safety measure is to install safety equipments on the ship. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, sprinkler system , gas monitor and other safety equipments are being employ. The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) is taking steps to stash away new and more sophisticated equipments onboard the ships. IMO hope to reduce the amount of accidents from occurring onboard the ship and will rely on this new equipments to combat the problem more efficiently.Service of ships and EquipmentsAccording to The Safety of Life At Sea 1974 edition, the ship and its safety equipments have to undergo service in one case every a few(prenominal) years. Safety equipments include components that can deteriorate over time. Therefore, this can decrease the effectiveness of the equipment. Examples of such equipments utter in the Safety Of Life At Sea 1974 edition (SOLAS) are fire extinguishers, EPIRBs, flares, life jackets, life rafts and smoke signals. Servicing of the equipment must be done by the manufacturer or an appoint agent by the expiry date. The expiry date must be clearly marked on the equipment. Most life raft needs to be serviced every two or three years. Equipment that cannot be serviced or no longer works must be replaced if it is to be carried as part of the safety equipment onboard the ship.(The International Maritime Organisation 2009)In the event that an emergency were to occur and the safety equipments were to be faulty as they were not sent for servicing, the manufacturer should not be blamed as the expiry date have been stated clearly on the equipment. It is the duty of the crew onboard and its owner to send the equipments for servicing once the expiry date is over.Accordin g to the IMO 2009, maintenance and inspections of equipments must be recorded to provide objective differentiate that these work have been carried out according to the manufacturers instructions.Proper training for the crewAccording to the Maritime Port Authority Singapore(MPA) 2010, Seafarers working on board a ship must have the valid evidence or endorsements. In Singapore, these are issued by the Training Standards Department of MPA. Seafarers working on board a ship are required to have a valid Certificate of Competency (CoC) or endorsement, which trace with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW).The crew must also be well trained in fire fighting and First Aid. Those who wish to work onboard a ship must have an Advance Fire Fighting Course certificate and Elementary First Aid certificate as well before they are qualified to work onboard (Maritime Port Authority Singapore 2010). The crew will also conduct reg ular safety drills after each departure from port. The crew are to follow their duty that had been assigned on the Muster List.By having proper trained crews onboard a ship, this will background the chance of human error and accidents from occurring. Furthermore, the crew are well trained to handle any emergencies such as fire . The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) 2009 once said that the quality and familiarisation are directly affected by the frequency and quality of the drills carried out. IMO added that a crew debrief after each drill is essential to emphasise lessons learned and to give additional training where necessary.ConclusionFurther ImprovementsEvery year, the International Maritime Organisation and other Maritime Body are working hand in hand to improve a seafarers life in terms of their living condition and to ensure that they are working in a safe environment. The organisation are trying to find constant improvement to reduce marine casualties, loss in revenu e due to unwanted accidents. One improvement that can be introduce to the ship is the All-in-One fire extinguisher. This extinguisher would be able to combat any types of fire such as Class A , Class B, Class C or Class D fires. By having this fire extinguisher onboard the ship, the crew will not need to waste time to find different methods to combat different types of fire. Another improvement that could be introduced is the fire isolating system. This system will isolate the fire from spreading to other rooms and this will reduce the damage caused towards the ship. The Maritime Port Authority said that this new inventions will further improve the safety aspects but it still needs to undergo more tests before it can be implemented towards the ships.Human Error is still the Main CauseThe International Maritime Organisation have taken steps to ensure that the technology and safety equipments being implemented are up to date. Even thought this is so, nothing can be done if the acciden t caused is by human error. Even if the crew had gone for proper training, human error will still occur. An article by B.S Dhillon(2007), human error costs the Maritime Industry $541 million per year and a study of 6091 major accident claims revealed that 62% of the claims were attributed to human error. B.S Dhillion(2007) added that human error contributes to 84% to 88% of tanker accidents.B.S Dhillon 2007. Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems, Springer Series in Reliability Engineering . scalawag 1.These incidents will result in crew injuries or death and the ship will be detain or damaged. Even if there is mechanical failure, human error can play a role in terms of lack of maintenance , monitoring or a breakdown in communication. The Bahamas Maritime Authority added that crew fatigue and complacency can be a major factor in this incident. The Bahamas Maritime Authority said that Good equipment can cost more, but safety should be accorded a higher priority beca use a ship cannot be operated safely without the seafarer.Referenceshttp//www.cruisebruise.com/princess_cruise_star_princess_fire_march_23_2006.htmlhttp//www.articledashboard.com/Article/Marine-Fire-Fighting-EquipmentSecuring-Ship-Safety-And-Damage-Control-Against-Fire/1252660http//www.unols.org/publications/manuals/safe_man.htmlhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stmhttp//www.mpa.gov.sg/sites/port_and_shipping/for_seafarers/seafarer_certification/seafarer_certification.pagehttp//www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127http//www.mapreport.com/subtopics/d/n.htmlhttp//www.bahamasmaritime.com/Documents/Bulletins/72bulltn.pdfSummaryIn brief, the report describes about the various reasons why fire safety is an important factor for the maritime Industry. It also goes into the full stop on the causes of fire onboard the ship. The consequences of fire is also gone into detail in this report to show the importance of safety at sea.