Fighting the Spanish for the Philippines Essay examples

The Philippines was colonized by the Spanish in 1564. After much fighting with the Spanish the Philippines established the first Philippine Republic but this victory was short lived. The Spanish lost control of the Philippines after the Spanish-American war in the Treaty of Paris (1898). The Philippines were given to the Americans for $20 million by the Spanish. The United States were then considering to annex the Philippines because they felt the Philippines couldn’t self-rule, and if they didn’t take control of the islands another powerful country would. (http://www.biography.com/people/emilio-aguinaldo-9177563?page=2) Just two weeks after Emilio Aguinaldo a revolutionary leader, who helped defeat the Spanish, was inaugurated American†¦show more content†¦Many Filipino civilians also died from famine and disease. In result of the guerrilla warfare tactics the war became one of the bloodiest wars in American history. Aguinaldo although saw little to no progre ss in his efforts for independence and stated I saw my own soldiers die without affecting future events. (http://www.biography.com/people/emilio-aguinaldo-9177563?page=20) Three years after the war started, Aguinaldo was captured by American General Frederick Funston on March 23, 1901. After Swear oath of allegiance to the United States on April 19, 1901 Aguinaldo declared peace with the United States. By then the United States had decided to support the Philippines independence. The war finally ended in 1902. (http://www.biography.com/people/emilio-aguinaldo-9177563?page=20) After the war the United States decided to help the Philippines with education and economic growth. The Americans introduced U.S political institutions and processes and opened the Philippine market to the West to build economic self-sufficiency. Classrooms were then built to educate the Filipinos. When the Spaniards were in control they refused to educate the local people â€Å"for their own good†. By 1934 the promise of Commonwealth by 1936 and independence by 1946 had been made to Manuel Quezon, who later became the first president of the Commonwealth. (Cultures of the world: Philippines by Lily Rose R. Tope/ Detch P. Nonan-Mercado) The Philippines rights were neglected for many years. TheShow MoreRelatedPro Imperialism791 Words   |  4 Pagesannex territory otherwise it is in jeopardy of Spanish colonial rule. If we do not annex foreign land someone else will. Cuba is our neighbor.   It is a stone’s throw away from the State of Florida.   Is it right to ignore the plight of the people of Cuba?   They have been fighting for their freedom and independence almost continuously since 1878.   The Spanish Empire has committed many unspeakable acts on this island since the fighting began.   The Spanish Empire is mistreating our neighbors in Cuba.  Read MoreYellow Press And Its Effects On The United States863 Words   |  4 Pageswas a point in history when many countries wanted to gain to gain more land, resources, stronger militaries and overall power. At this time Cuba was controlled by Spain also known as the Spanish. Cubans wanted independence but the Spanish and their military forces were too powerful to defeat by themselves. The Spanish treated the Cubans very harsh by starting concentration camps. Many Cubans were severely dying of starvation, and other countries such as America became aware of this tragedy taking placeRead MoreThe Spanish American War965 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish-American War was the event that placed the United States of America on the world stage. It showed the world the United States militaries might and strength and proved that the United States could back up their beloved Monroe Doctrine. It placed America as an Imperialistic Nation, which was one idea looked down upon by so many of its citizens. This war and its effect on the world had its pros and cons, but one thing is unarguably for certain, this event changed the way America has beenRead MoreThe American Of The Philippine American War891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Philippine-American War was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States lasting from F ebruary 4 1899, to July 2, 1902. 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Examples of these imperialistic trends include American actions during the First Seminole War, the Mexican-American War, and the annexation of the Philippines. According to historian Tony Smith, imperialism is defined as â€Å"the effective domination by a relatively strong stateRead MoreThe Spanish American War During The 19th Century1391 Words   |  6 Pages At the end of the 19th century the Spanish-American War was fought between the United States, and Spain. The war started a new beginning for three nations, the United States, Cuba and Spain. At the end of the war an empire would fall and new one would be created and Cuba would become an independent nation. Though battles were fought all over the world the war itself was mostly about Cuban Independence. During the latter half of 19th century Cuba was under the control of SpainRead MoreThe Republic Of The Philippines Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Republic of the Philippines is a country which has only fairly recently become independent, following a history marked by colonialism, occupation, and foreign influence. An archipelago made up of 7,107 island (Fast Facts), it was originally inhabited by people who came from China and Malaysia some 250,000 years ago, thought to have made the journey via a land bridge, no longer existent, that connected the land masses (Encyclopedia 1st source). Other migrants to the islands were the â€Å"Negritos†Read MoreThe War Of The United States1122 Words   |  5 Pagesnation. Jingoists in congress, yellow journalists and the American public were clamoring for Spanish blood after the Maine, and to them McKinley came across as a feeble leader. McKinley offered one last chance for Spain to avoid war by agreeing to an armistice. He thought that the Spanish would understand that it would be a foolish decision to engage in war with a rising US power. The negative Spanish response did not leave McKinley with many options. McKinley was forced to step aside from his

The Role Of Viewing The World With A Bigger Lens Rather...

It is easy to be blind to how different peoples lives are from each other. We are so fixed in our habits that we forget to think about how every one of our actions is influential to other individuals. As I have practiced thinking like a sociologist over the course of four months, I have practiced looking at the world with a bigger lens rather than my narrow-minded viewpoint. C. Wright Mills coined the term â€Å"the sociological imagination,† which is the importance of viewing the world as a whole and how everyone plays a part in it. We can not just rely on ourselves and our own experiences to know what the world is all about. Being the second youngest of eleven children certainly doesn’t seem normal, but the area I grew up in, my household†¦show more content†¦Wright Mills). Public issues, or things that have a much broader impact on society, such as the whole nation being in debt (C. Wright Mills), have never affected me personally because of my status withi n society, so I haven’t cared to look at those issues. Considering that St. Cloud is predominately white Catholics, one of these public issues in my hometown is the racism towards Somalians. In the past 10 years, the Somali population has grown significantly which has made racism more apparent in St. Cloud. As soon as the Somali population started to show more active roles in the community, the people of St. Cloud started to discriminate and insinuate that they were ruining the city. Once it was announced that the Muslim population would be building a new mosque, City Hall flooded with comments about how it would jam residential roads and foster terrorism (Du). My family is in the middle class, along with an estimated 33.9% of the population of St. Cloud (US Census Bureau). My social class has altered over the years as the situation in my household, such as children moving out and parents switching jobs, has changed. Eleven children in one household has played a significant role in whether my parents’ income was actually substantial. The average household in America has 2.63 people living in it (US Census Bureau).

Charles’ Ability to Finance His Government Free Essays

The Personal Rule of Charles I Charles I, born in Dunfermline, the son of James I and Anne of Denmark, was born in 1600. At the age of five he was made the Duke of York the Prince of Wales in 1616. When James I died in 1625, his son Charles became king. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles’ Ability to Finance His Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now Upon becoming, the King Charles had a sense of greed growing, he would gain money through taxes and laws imposed only for the sense of profit and had been stubborn when it came to his ministers. He imposed a lot of trust in his ministers and was reluctant when it came to their dismissal. The Personal Rule was a period in which Charles governed without any reference to Parliament in the years 1629-1640; he refused to summon any Parliaments until they had a better understanding of what he wanted to do. Historians in a major of ways described this period, but how effective was the period of the Personal rule and had Charles succeeded in governing effectively and financially. Upon Buckingham’s dispersal, many former enemies of the King had made peace with him and entered his service. The Dukes of Arundel and Bristol, who had been against Buckingham in the House of Lords had decided that Parliament had gone too far in imposing the King and took up positions at Court. The death of the Duke of Buckingham had deeply affected Charles and the King had become reluctant to never again depend on one minister. Upon introduction of the Personal rule period there was little reaction and resistance to the dispersing of Parliament, enemies of the king worked towards peace in an attempt to become his advisors, and many of them did succeed. King Charles was successful in governing without Parliament by cutting his expenses and increasing income. The greatest drain on resources was the wars against France and Spain leaving the economy at a disadvantage; however this was soon put to an end due to peace treaties being signed with France in 1629 and with Spain in 1630. Peace brought an immediate revival of English trade and commerce. This in turn brought increased customs revenue because Charles continued to collect income through taxes without the agreement of Parliament. The first of Charles’ money schemes was to enforce a law complying that men who own a property worth more than ? 40 per annum shall receive knighthoods at the royal coronation and from 1630, Charles had also began fining everyone who failed to observe this law. The knighthood fines had stacked up ? 100,000 by the end of the following year. The most condemned of taxes was Ship Money, a custom that required payment in order to keep naval defences on standby in the case of an emergency. In 1634, with Dunkirk pirates in the Channel and Barbary corsairs raiding Ireland, Cornwall and Devon for slaves, King Charles taxed the coastal counties to pay for the building of new warships. In 1635, he extended the tax to include inland counties. Even though ship-money was intended to finance a new fleet for England’s defence, there were strong objections because the King had imposed what amounted to a new tax without the consent of Parliament. Charles’s decisions that he would call no more parliaments until his subjects had a better understanding of him indicated that the circumstances were exceptional; however it was not unusual for there to be long periods of time without Parliament such as the seven years between the parliaments of 1614 and 1621. Charles’s believed that they weren’t an essential part of the daily government but more for the financial management and problems, which was the reason for the many gatherings that previously took place. At this point it may be said that Charles’ ability to finance his government effectively had been working, and to some extent his methods of financing had also reduced the resentment during the personal rule period. By deducting some of his expenses and increasing taxes more revenue was generated; however it may also be considered that the taxes may have caused resentment as Ship money had been deeply condemned by some and Charles’ revival of the ‘Forest Law’ which was said to be sacred ground for some may have resented Charles’ for that decision. It didn’t stop there however, not only did Charles’ re-establish the Forest Law he also fined those who branded it as their sacred ground for all the previous years. Charles’ furthered the ship money taxes in 1635 by not only demanding them for coastal countries but the whole of Britain, this was bound to raise resentment towards the King’s actions however it was an effective move by Charles as by 1637 the budget was balanced, most of the gains were developed via new strategies however most of them were just previous laws that were buried and brought back, the only new law was Ship Money due to its amendment but it also played a significant part in establishing a new style of taxation, targets for Ship Money were set and the global sum had been deducted from the county as a whole. Apart from rising customs revenues that had been derived from growing trade, Ship money then became a long-term source of financial independence. Upon Ship Money being offered on a long-term basis the resentment and opposition towards the way Charles’ had chosen to finance his government, the opposition wasn’t towards the finance but the methods chosen and mainly the Ship Money itself, many historians argue that the period of portraying Ship Money on a long-term basis was an attempt by Charles to finance his absolutism but the opposition towards Charles’ actions had been at a growing rate. At this point it may be considered that I far from agree with the opinion of Charles being able to finance his government without too much resentment as opposition against the Kings actions had been at a growing rate and with Ship Money falling out of context the power to impose taxes had been taken out of context. Whig historians had believed that this period had aroused the most furious opposition in the provinces and this â€Å"fact† was generally accepted. However there is little evidence to suggest that the opposition was high. John Hampden was a clear case of resentment for the King as he refused to pay the tax in 1636; he was then tested in 1637. At this point Hampden’s lawyer believed Parliament should vote in this case, however the King appealed against this by saying that the Ship tax was also used to build the army Even though the judges had confirmed Charles’ legal right to collect Ship Money, resentment and dissatisfaction were growing and in the years of 1635-1637 the amount of ship money being received was at a decreasing rate which was most likely from the opposition of it, this also highlights the fact that opposition was at an increasing rate and Charles’ unethical methods would not be successful for long. Charles’ methods of granting tax without the consent of Parliament had showed that his unethical methods towards gaining revenue would most likely increase the opposition towards him. Although most taxes were accepted Ship Money had been a major issue that raised a high amount in opposition. It can be argued that Ship Money was required for a valid reason, but would it be sustained as long as Charles wanted it? The period of 1637-40 was the decline of the personal rule, public opinion of the King was negating. Although the combination of Ship Money and growing trade offered a source of financial independence, the opposition towards it didn’t. Most of the opposition believed a Parliament should be called but even if it were to be, Charles’ views towards the finances of his government would not change hence one of the main reasons for the Personal Rule period itself. Charles lacked political awareness, and unlike James I, his father he lacked understanding of Scottish politics and culture; even so he didn’t attempt to educate himself on it. To some extent I have concluded that Charles’ ability to finance his government effectively itself was remarkable, but the methods he adapted when doing so were unethical and did not take into consideration the public opinion therefore I wouldn’t regard it as a remarkable achievement, however many Historians believe as I do that Charles’ lack of politics and culture had put him at a great disadvantage which was mainly why Parliament were established. It may also be said that Charles’ view towards Parliament had changed majorly after the death of the Duke, this was the reason why he demanded reform and asserted his role. The situation in Scotland was also a major turning point for the Personal Rule as Charles’ advisors also began advising that he call Parliament in order to settle the opposition and avoid war which in fact did drain the finances of the government. Therefore to some extent I do agree that the opinion of Charles’ ability to finance his government effectively was a remarkable achievement, however I also think that he should have taken more consideration of the public opinion in an attempt to avoid resentment. His decision to â€Å"renew† the Ship Money tax was in my opinion a mistake made by Charles and the decision to do this had actually started a widespread of opposition. How to cite Charles’ Ability to Finance His Government, Essay examples

Leadership and Management for Managers - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theLeadership and Management for Investors and Managers. Answer: Introduction The paper talks about the roles of the internal stakeholders as well as external stakeholders. It also explains the principles and strategies of the stakeholders engagement in order to improve and enhance the performance of the business entity. It tells that how internal stakeholders and external stakeholders influence the performance of the organization positively as well as negatively. Two positive ways internal stakeholders influence performance of the business entity Internal stakeholders include employees, board of directors, investors and managers within the organization. The stakeholders are the persons or groups who have an interest in the business entity to deliver the outputs and result in the organization. They also maintain transparency and viability within the organization. The internal stakeholders influence the effective and efficient performance of the business entity. The internal stakeholders directly affect the growth and success of the company. There are two ways to which internal stakeholders influence the effective and efficient performance and productivity of the organization. They play a significant role to determine the mission, vision, and strategy of the company. In this way, they influence the mission and vision of the company by formulating various types of strategies and policies in the organization. Secondary, they take effective decisions to attain the long-term goals and objectives within the organization. The interna l stakeholders are the important part of the each and every company. They influence the behavior of the other people also (Hansen, Dunford, Boss, Boss Angermeier, 2011). Further, internal stakeholders exercise power to the other person to do work effectively and efficiently. In this way, stakeholders influence the business activities and operations positively. They help to increase and maximize the revenue of the company. They participate in the planning process to reduce and minimize the risks and challenges of the market. The success and growth of the business entity depend on the performance of the internal stakeholders. They fulfill the resources requirements of the company. The internal stakeholders are involved in various activities and operations of the company. Now it is seen that internal stakeholder affect the performance of the company positively (Beringer, Jonas Kock, 2013). Two negative ways internal stakeholders influence performance of the business entity Although internal stakeholders play a vital role to determine the long-term sustainability and growth of the company but sometimes they affect the performance and productivity of the company adversely. There are various ways to which internal stakeholders negatively influence the effectiveness and efficiency of the business entity. Firstly, internal disputes can be raised among the employees due to inequality and partiality thus it affects the performance and efficiency of the workers. Sometimes disputes arise between the skilled and unskilled person in the organization. Secondary, sometimes the board of directors uses assets of the company for personal purpose, therefore, it affects the efficiency and effectiveness of the business entity (Alniacik, Alniacik Genc, 2011). Further, the company delegates the power and authorities to unskilled employees hence they are not able to proper use of the power and authorities due to lack of knowledge and experience. The different salary structure of the employees and managers also influence the profit and revenue of the company negatively. Further, the internal stakeholders are not able to maintain proper communication and co-operation within the organization thus it affects the business activities negatively. As result, it increases the cost of the company. The business entity can attain long-term goals and objectives of the company by improving the performance of the internal stakeholders within the organization. Further, the company should motivate and encourage employees for doing work effectively and efficiently. In addition, the internal stakeholders such as managers are not able to maintain control over the subordinates thus it influences the efficiency and productivity of the company (Bingham, Dyer, Smi th Adams, 2011). Two positive ways external stakeholders influence performance of the business entity The external stakeholders influence the business activities and operations positively as well as negatively. The external stakeholders include consumers, regulators, government, suppliers, creditors and communities. These stakeholders affect the actions, policies and objectives of the business entity. The external stakeholders are the end users and customers of the company which determine the long-term success and targets of the firm. Firstly, external stakeholders play an integral role to gain the competitive advantages in the global market. They also maintain sustainability in the organization as well as the environment. Along with this, they reduce and minimize the risk and key challenges of the global market (Wagner Mainardes, Alves Raposo, 2011). The external stakeholders keep good knowledge and experience to overcome the competitors globally. In this way, they are considered the key success indicator of the business entity to evaluate and analyze the long-term growth and success of the company. In addition, they maintain a control over the external environment to gain long-term benefits globally. Apart from this, they maintain effective and unique communication with competitors to evaluate and analyze the plans, policies, and strategies of the competitors around the world. Furthermore, external stakeholders also make unique and effective strategies for the business entity to improve and enhance the efficiency and performance of the business entity. Now it is assumed that the external stakeholders are an integral part of the organization in order to fulfill the long-term vision and mission of the firm to improve the productivity of the company (Lovejoy, Waters, Saxton, 2012). Two negative ways external stakeholders influence performance of the business entity Sometimes, external stakeholders influence the business performance and efficiency negatively. There are various ways through which external stakeholders affect the performance and effectiveness of the business entity adversely. Firstly, the government intervenes in the internal business activities and operation of the company thus; it affects the future goals and objectives of the company. It also affects the environmental sustainability of the organization. Further, the company takes loan from the banks and other institute but the company is not able to repay these loan thus it negatively affects the efficiency and performance of the firm. The firm has to face various challenges and key issues in the global market (Fernandez-Feijoo, Romero Ruiz, 2014). Further, the company is not able to focus on the entire external stakeholders around the world. It can also affect the business actions and outcomes adversely. Along with this, external stakeholders do not finish the work within the giving deadline thus they have to lose money. It affects the success and development of the business entity. In this way, external stakeholders influence the effective and efficient performance of the business entity. If the company wants to expand and explore its business activities and operations globally then it should focus on the needs, requirements, and expectations of the external stakeholders (Mason Simmons, 2014). Two ways external stakeholders indirectly influence the performance of the business entity The external stakeholders play various roles indirectly to beat the competitors in the market. They are the investors in the company whose actions and duties determine and evaluate the outputs and results of the business entity. They improve the financial performance of the company by maintaining corporate social responsibility and sustainability in the organization as well as the environment. They can predict the future risks and obstacles within the organization. Secondary, the external stakeholders indirectly monitor and focus on the outsourcing activities and globalization. They help to prevent the harmful activities within the organization. Further, they sustain and maintain organization earning growth and success in the universal market. Along with this, they also identify and evaluate the project activities and operations in the organization and they help to reduce the project issues and risks of the market. Now it is assumed that various indirect roles are played by the exter nal stakeholders to determine and improve the performance and efficiency of the business entity. In this way, they influence the success and growth of the company indirectly (Ayuso, Rodrguez, Garca-Castro Ario, 2014). Human resource implementation strategy A. Needs of the internal stakeholders and external stakeholders The internal stakeholders are considered the people of the business entity. They affect the success and growth of the company directly. The employees of the company want meaningful work thus it is primary need of the internal stakeholders in the business entity. The meaningful work can be possible by providing reward and compensation to the internal stakeholders within the organization. Rewards and incentives also provide satisfaction to the employees. Along with this, employees want good working environment and culture to do work more effectively and efficiently. On the other hand, external stakeholders want to attain and achieve long-term profit and revenue in the global market. It is foremost need of the external stakeholders. In addition, external stakeholders want to attract more customers in the market by fulfilling the needs and requirements of the consumers around the world. Further, they want to gain and increase the profit and revenue in the organization (West Bogers, 2014). B.Two principles of stakeholders relationship management The principles of stakeholders relationship management play a vital and crucial role to run the business smoothly. The main aim behind the principles of the stakeholders management is to provide guidelines and suggestion to the company and it also maintains a balance between corporate goals and needs of the organizational stakeholders. The two principles of the stakeholders relationship management have been discussed below. The managers and top management must consider the stakeholder's concerns while taking effective and unique decision within the organization in order to determine the long-term goals and objectives of the firm. The top management and managers should communicate with stakeholders effectively and efficiently and they must fulfill the needs and requirements of the stakeholders. It is another principle of the stakeholders engagement in the business entity (Mok, Shen, Q., Yang, 2015). C.Stakeholders relations strategies The two stakeholders relations strategies to assist and support the business entity in order to achieve the principles of the stakeholders relationship management have been discussed below. Stakeholders mapping is one of the significant strategies of the stakeholders in order to attain the principles of the stakeholders relationship management. This strategy also helps to identify and evaluate the internal stakeholders as well as external stakeholders. Communication is also another strategy of the stakeholders in order to build and develop an effective relationship with stakeholders. The firm should set the communication pattern on regular basis to meet the long-term goals, mission, and vision of the firm. These strategies play an important role to accomplish the needs and requirements of the stakeholders within the organization (Henisz, Dorobantu Nartey, 2014). D.Two objectives to be achieved by assessing each stakeholders relations strategy HRM plays a vital role to make effective and unique strategies for the stakeholders within the organization. The main objective of the company is to increase and maximize the value of the firm by using the stakeholders relations strategy in the organization. Therefore, the firm focuses on the short term profits as well as long-term profits. The other objective of assessing the stakeholders relations strategy is to influence the governance of the firm in order to meet the individual goals and objectives. Along with this, the stakeholders wants to reduce and minimize the risk and challenges of the company by implementing stakeholders relations strategy. In addition, the company uses performance indicators such as grievances mechanism and information disclosure indicator to resolve and reduce the various issues and problems of the stakeholders in the business entity (Luo, Wang, Raithel Zheng, 2015). Along with this, stakeholders identification and analysis indicator are used by the company to analyze and evaluate the needs and requirements of the stakeholders within the organization. In this way, the company can take the support of the human resource management to build and develop effective strategies of the stakeholders (Barnett, 2014). Conclusion On the above discussion, it has been concluded that stakeholders play an integral role in each and every business entity to expand and explore the business globally and to attain long-term profit and revenue in the global market. Therefore, the business entity must protect the rights and interest of the stakeholders within the organization. References Alniacik, U., Alniacik, E., Genc, N. (2011). How corporate social responsibility information influences stakeholders' intentions.Corporate social responsibility and environmental management,18(4), 234-245. Ayuso, S., Rodrguez, M. A., Garca-Castro, R., Ario, M. A. (2014). Maximizing stakeholders interests: An empirical analysis of the stakeholder approach to corporate governance.Business society,53(3), 414-439. Barnett, M. L. (2014). Why stakeholders ignore firm misconduct: A cognitive view.Journal of Management,40(3), 676-702. Beringer, C., Jonas, D., Kock, A. (2013). Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 830-846. Bingham, J. B., Dyer, W. G., Smith, I., Adams, G. L. (2011). A stakeholder identity orientation approach to corporate social performance in family firms.Journal of business ethics,99(4), 565-585. Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S., Ruiz, S. (2014). Effect of stakeholders pressure on transparency of sustainability reports within the GRI framework.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 53-63. Hansen, S. D., Dunford, B. B., Boss, A. D., Boss, R. W., Angermeier, I. (2011). Corporate social responsibility and the benefits of employee trust: A cross-disciplinary perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,102(1), 29-45. Henisz, W. J., Dorobantu, S., Nartey, L. J. (2014). Spinning gold: The financial returns to stakeholder engagement.Strategic Management Journal,35(12), 1727-1748. Lovejoy, K., Waters, R. D., Saxton, G. D. (2012). Engaging stakeholders through Twitter: How nonprofit organizations are getting more out of 140 characters or less.Public Relations Review,38(2), 313-318. Luo, X., Wang, H., Raithel, S., Zheng, Q. (2015). Corporate social performance, analyst stock recommendations, and firm future returns.Strategic Management Journal,36(1), 123-136. Mason, C., Simmons, J. (2014). Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate governance: A stakeholder systems approach.Journal of Business Ethics,119(1), 77-86. Mok, K. Y., Shen, G. Q., Yang, J. (2015). Stakeholder management studies in mega construction projects: A review and future directions.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 446-457. Wagner Mainardes, E., Alves, H., Raposo, M. (2011). Stakeholder theory: issues to resolve.Management decision,49(2), 226-252. West, J., Bogers, M. (2014). Leveraging external sources of innovation: a review of research on open innovation.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(4), 814-831.