The Process Of Leading And Directing Construction Essay

The Process Of Leading And Directing Construction Essay consort to Websters Dictionary, watchfulness defines as the suffice of sensationing and directing e genuinely last(predicate) or part of an organization, often a business unmatched(a) through the deployment and manipulation of resources (human, financial, material, intellectual or intangible). Other race of pick offment is the action at law of measuring a quantity on a steady basis and adjusting an initial proposal and the actions run inton to reach ones mean goal. This applies even in situations where mean does not reappearance place. Situational prudence may precede and subsume nonrandom management. Therefore the nutriment management depart characterise the process of leading and directing the aid organization.British Standard Glossary of margins (38111993) defined nourishment as the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an full stop in, or restore it to, a state in which it rear end coiffe a required function , charge is a set of organised activities that are carried bring turn up in effectuate to keep an detail in its best operational designate with minimum price acquired .According to British Standard 8210 defined nourishment as the combination of all technical and administrative action intended to retain an item in, or restore it to, state in which it back perform its required function. Another British monetary monetary standard ( BS 8831 1964 ) support as the combination of both action pull up stakes be make to retain the items or restore it to make sure enough it in pleasurable standard , keep management typically required both uppercase and operating outgo. The livelihood management subscribe tos to tempt hard to make sure the support standard is striked.According to ( dreadful, 1984 lee, 1987).there is no sacrosanct alimentation interpretation for upkeep, the definition i s very subjective, the standard is depends on person, or organization as a customer request. The standard of forethought is base on the objectives of the richly society or organization that the caution company pass on take care. Every grammatical construction micturate their function and the nutrition plant life read to achieve to make sure the create is function as the leaf node wanted, for example, for the twist that function as a business purposed, the maintenance standard is high, such as maintenance for hotel make.According to books ( grammatical construction pathology principles and practice by David S. Watt), construction and their services inevitably become obsolete as a result of factor relating to the use of the structure (functional, stinting, locational, social, statutory or physical) and channels in the needs of mental synthesis user.BS 3811 1984 define maintenance as A combination of any action carried come in to retain an item in, or restore it to an acceptable condition. From this definition two key components substructure be identifiedAction that lead take is not plainly to the physical exe take downion of maintenance, but it also concerned with its initiation, financing and organization.The notion of an acceptable condition, which implies and understanding or requirement for the effective usage of the construct and its parts which in turn compel broader consideration of building performance.The committee on building maintenance recommended the adoption of the following definition work undertaken in crop to keep, restore or improve every facilities, i.e. every part of the building, its services and surround to a soon acceptable standard that and to sustain the utilities and value of the facilities.According to Paul Wordsworth ( Lee s construct victuals Management, 4th edition ) The Charted Institute of building offer the following definition work undertaken in secernate to keep ,restore or improve every facilitie s i.e. every part of building services and surround to an h gaga standard by the balanced between need and available resource.2.2 MAINTENANCE OBJECTIVE nutrition may be undertaken either in anticipitation of nonstarter (preventive maintenance) or carried out to restore the building to an acceptable standard after failure (corrective maintenance). According to several of reference the successful maintenance schedule should achieve these goals. armed service buildings function as they were intended and operate at peak efficiency, including minimizing energy consumption. (Harvey H. Kaiser, The Facilities Managers Reference (Kingston, MA R. S. center Companying., 1989), 81 and Ameri notify Public Works Association (APWA), Public Works Management Practices (Chicago APWA, August 1991), 65.). mental synthesis maintenance essential achieve to make sure the building can functioning as it proposed to be. For example, the digit for commercial building essential be function to attract p eople to come proper maintenance to keep the building in intelligent condition must be program.Prevent failures of building outline that would interrupt occupant activities and the delivery of public services. (R. S. Means Company, Inc., Cost Planning Estimating for Facilities Maintenance (Kingston,MA R. S. Means Company, Inc., 1996), 264.)Building that operate trouble-free allow public employee to do their jobs and serve the public. Be dress building maintenance let ins regular revaluation and reliever of equipment crucial to operating a building, maintenance staff avoids the problem that might otherwise lead to a breakdown in operation.Sustain a harmless and healthful environment by belongings building and their component in good repairs and structurally sound.( APWA, Public Works Management Practices, 63 and external Code Council, Inc., International Property Maintenance Code 1998 (Country Club Hills, IL International Code Council, Inc.,1997), 9-10.).Building maintenance must protect every building component in good condition, to create safe and healthful environment to the building occupant. Any serious spot to the building must be take an action because event a small defect it can late effect the building structure, and almosttimes it also can effect to the occupant health.Provide maintenance in ways that are apostrophize- effective. (Federal Facilities Council, rest Committee on Operations and Maintenance, Budgeting for Facilities Maintenance and Repair Activities (Washington D.C. National Academy Press, 1996), 29. Cost-effective denotes both economic efficiency and desirable results.)A main goal of maintenance is to minimize cost without reduce the eccentric services and building performance. To achieve cost effective a proper building maintenance cost planning must be developed to make the maintenance cost that will be exhausted for the building is germane(predicate).To protect building proprietor invest for the building. (Dr. Ahmad la y in Ramly, 2002, Prinsip dan Praktis Pengurusan Bangunan)Building owner has been investing a rope of gold for the building every investment must give an income. The change magnitude operation and maintenance cost of building will cause the owner investment will unrelavant and also not stinting for a long term. The impact will be more(prenominal) conspicuous when the building has a lot of problem defect and need a lot of repairing whole kit and boodle.2.3 BUILDING MAINTENANCE CLASSIFICATION.In generally, building maintenance can be categories into 2 categories, planned and unplanned maintenance. Planned maintenance is maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, control and the utilise of record to a predetermined planned. Maintenance whole workings must be program properly, to make sure there no failure will occurred, any defects or problem must be recorded to make the observation works will be easier. Unplanned maintenance is ad hoc maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan. According to the Audit Commission considered a better maintenance to be as follows.Strategic repair and maintenance.This represent work required for a long term preservation of an asset, and includes planned maintenance of the building fabric (decoration and routine replacement), maintenance of engineering services and maintenance repair items such as re-roofing. There are normally item which can be plan of because, for some extent there can be foreseen and budgeted for.Tactical repair and maintenance.These items are related with daylight to day works of minor nature in response to immediate need. The audit commission efflorescence out that tactical maintenance is not necessarily the same as responsive maintenance as some immediate respond item are clearly of strategic nature for example a flat of roof failure.According to BS 3811 and for practical purposed or so maintenance classifications arePreventive maintenance this maintenance carried out at pre determi ned legal separation, or corresponding to prescribe criteria, and intended to reduce fortune of failure or the performance degradation of an item.Corrective maintenance maintenance carried out after failure is occurred, an intended to restore an item to a state in which it can perform it required function. tweak maintenance maintenance which it is necessary to put in hand immediately to avoid serious consequences. aim establish maintenance preventive maintenance as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item from routine or continuous monitoring.Schedule maintenance preventive maintenance to carried out to a pre-determined interval of time, number of operation mileage etc.Another maintenance classification was made by Noble (1984) that classified maintenance as five different shellsa. Routine or cyclic maintenance, it is task carried out at more or less regular intervals without prior critical review, such as cutting grass, lamp changing, change of drains and gutters. b. Planned maintenance can be determined as selected services, plant and equipment. It is a regular inspection and servicing (lubrication and adjustment) with repairs and replacements made or programmed only when found to be necessary.c. Planned inspection, for selected elements of structure, fabric and finishes. It is a regular inspection but with maintenance work carried out or only when found to be necessary.d. sectionalisation or emergency maintenance, an action taken to remedy failure.e. Minimum maintenance, often applied to premises awaiting disposal. No action except to meet mandatory requirements, e.g. for health or safety, to conform to the terms of a lease, or to keep the property wind and waterproof.MAINTENANCE STANDARDIn maintenance management there is no specific statement that defines the maintenance standard for building. In generally, maintenance standard is base on the client requirement and the contractor will know the standard base on the owner requirement.Accord ing to Dr Ahmad hive away Ramly, maintenance standard is basically same in any building or equivalent with the example of building, however in practically small size building will be easier to maintain and easier in maintenance management. Many of it repairing works can be done as planning. For the building that larger and more complex, with sophisticated design it will need a lot of special service. To fulfill the maintenance need, the building owner needs to provide one maintenance department to take care of the building preparation and services. If the owner want to take consultant to maintain their building, they must specify ,what maintenance jobs will be carried out ,then ,all the workers must be supervise properly, to make sure the maintenance work is followed as planned. as well that, all the maintenance workers must a qualified person to carry out the works, there must be no person can do the maintenance job, except the qualified person or maintenance expert.Milne, 198 5, the main idea about maintenance standard is basically the request or maintenance work wander from the owner to contractor, which area or defect that should be repair or replace, and this order should be clear as a standard for the contractor to perform the job. The work order should include the sufficient detail in order to enable the workman to take with him the correct quantity and type of material when making the maintenance work. In fact some of 40% of the maintenance standard was tell in site. (Lee, 1987) remove mention, in building maintenance management describe building maintenance standard can be divide into two categories.Lower levelThe need of maintenance due to increasing probability of failure involving not only enhanced repairs cost but also consequential losses where the normal user of the building is interfered with.Upper levelSet by a cost of achieving it. Lee also said about building individual element, he divide the maintenance standard into third conditio n Physical condition of the elements.Has two related terms, the condition of element that related to the magnitude of defect that calls for remedial action and second is the performance or environment systems.Times criteria.When the repair or replacement will be make. At this method, the maintenance need frequent inspection and its need a slender bit knowledge about decoration. The balance between frequently inspection, risk, and consequences of failure is the important part that should be achieve.Financial criteria.This criterion can be taken from the variable sum based on the costs of some primary activity or replacement value, or taken from fixed sum based on historic costs or an analysis of anticipated benefits.In certain time, maintenance works sometimes have a difficulty during do an operation some product that gives unsatisfaction to the owner. However, this problem can be solving if the proper maintenance works can be program, beside give a relevant budget. It can be done s moothly with one good maintenance program.MAINTENANCE NEEDSAccording to Dr. Ahmad bin Ramly state that in Principe, the important building maintenance can be seen in tetrad main aspectsInvestment value.Building designBuilding function.heritage stuff2.5.1 Retaining investment value.There is no person that have been invest for one thing want to lost, they always hope what they have been fatigued the money will be get a benefit from it. It also same with building owner, they have spent a lot of money for the building so, they wanted their investment will be worth, and they will get the benefits. There are two type of income that commonly investor hopes from their investment.Short term income.It means the owner hope to get profit from their new building. They hope their new building can be exchange fastly, especially when the owner used loan to buy the down, then they must sale the building quickly, so they can cut the loan post quickly. If the sale is slow, the loan gratify will be rise, and when the interest is more than profit, the owner will be lost.Long term investment.Long term investment usually consists of calculation about rental rate that will be get and sale price. If the investor find the land market is in the good condition and increase, or any sign that the land market will be a rise, usually the owner will save their property for a longer term, so that, one day, they can sale the land or building with the higher price, or they used dwell as a source to cook up the loan.Building Design.With proper building maintenance, the building will be look more interesting and less defects will occur. There have some reason that can cause the building will look not interesting and a lot of defect occurs discolouration because of user careless.Natural environment effects. Such as, weather, season and air pollution.Insect attack.Fungus and plant attract.A diminution that usually attack at some part of building that has dampness.Natural disaster or any un predictable accident.Building function.All building that build have a reason to build, there have their function. So, proper building maintenance program will help to retain the building function as planned. There have some reason, why the building need maintenance to retain their function To pillow their actual design function and their construction objectives especially for preservation and conservation proposed.To maintain and fulfill building occupant needs or the owner.To remain or followed the statutory requirement or other local anaesthetic authority requirement.To remain building space with other services that have been provide for the buildings.To make sure all the facilities that provide or other services always functioning and can be used all the timeHeritage StuffThe awareness and interest of the public and rustic to heritage item is increase. Now a day, the heritage stuffs not only just a collection to the people that interest with history, but now, it can be main th ings to make money. The heritage stuff such as old building, fortress, and houses not only have high value from their design, but for some local community it was a main thing to them, to make money. Those structures can attract tourist from out or in the country to come.2.5.5 The satisfaction of building needs.According to Paul Wordsworth (Lee building maintenance management ,4th edition), said that, in order to put the problem into perspective it is necessary to view maintenance in the context of the overall building process. The building needs community is met by interrelated construction activities of maintaining, modernizing and replacing existing stock of building and by erection of additional new building.( figure 2.0)The recent express view is that the level of expenditure on maintenance is too high. However in order to know the comely of expenditure is reasonable or not it is necessary to consider 3 factorsWhether the amount spent is excessive in singing to the work done.T he amount that provide for maintenance works need to use carefully, to make sure the works is reasonable with the budget.Whether the work which is done is necessary and unavoidable.There are many reported cases of early maintenance which could have been avoided with better design and the suitable of the material.Whether it would be advantageous to carry out more works. intelligibly construction resourced are limited and the goal should be to achieve the optimum allocation of manpower, material and capital between the maintenance and improvement of existing building and the construction of new building.2.6 MAINTENANCE PLANNINGThe maintenance planning is one of the important element in develop the good maintenance works, according to Barrie let and Peter Swallow, (1996, The Maintenance Management) state that, the basic principle of the planning should be firmly understood in the beginning considering maintenance planning specifically. The planning should be transparent to make sure t he workers are understood what is the maintenance planning and their goal to achieve.The maintenance planning should be planned before the construction building , this will make sure to take account the effect of the building design to the maintenance aspect. According to Dr. Ahmad Bin Ramli (2002, Pengurusan Penyelenggaraan Bangunan), the maintenance planning should be done in five stagesThe building in still in design stage.The proper maintenance planning should be plan at this stage need to be rigid and nonstop, especially for those building that need to do renovation in the future, the maintenance aspects need to take account to make sure the building long lasting. In the construction stage, the maintenance manager need to know the progress to make sure the construction works is followed as in planned.Before handover to the owner.the planning should be prepare before the building is handover to the new owner, the maintenance manager must know the condition of the building , and the new owner need, from the information, maintenance manager can program the maintenance works for the client need.The change of use to the building.The maintenance manager should have a planned if the building will change to the new function, they must know the relevant of the new function that will be use to the building. The maintenance manager should give advice or inform to the new owner about the impact of the building function to the maintenance.The change of maintenance budget.The change of maintenance budget is not impossible if the client faces the economic problem, the maintenance manager need to plan what should do to use the new budget to the maintenance. Thats mean if the client decides to cut the maintenance budget, the manager should cut down the unimportant works, and only focus on the serious maintenance works.Change of manpower.There have a possibilities that the manpower will decrease, this is because with some reason, such as because of high demand that the wor kers cannot accept the situation, and resign. The because of the economic problem by the owner, maybe a lot of worker will be reject to cut the operation fees. The maintenance manger should reprogram all the planning, and find the other pick to face the problem.2.7 PROBLEM IN MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT.Maintenance management is very important for the building, a good maintenance management will make the building life span is more, and also can reduce maintenance cost for the building. Any small defects at the building must be identify and must be solve it as soon as possible, because the small defects is like a cancer that slowly will become big defects in the future. Big defect means, big problem, and big problem need big cost to solve.However, why there still have some of the building that have maintenance department, but the defects still occurs? Until sometimes the defects have cause injuries to the people who used the building. There are some general ideas about the problem in mai ntenance managementThe building design.The building design is one of the factors that cause problem in maintenance management. Sometimes, the building designer does not consider about building maintenance during design the building, the design just take serious about building appearance equivalence to building maintenance. Some maintenance access must have to provide to make maintenance works can be done quickly and safe, beside that to make sure all part of building can be reach, so that any problem to the building can be Identify and solve quickly.Maintenance budget.Budget for maintenance is very important things, with the relevant budget, the maintenance management can manage all the maintenance cost properly. Most of the owner didnt want to spend a lot of budget for maintenance, because for them, the money is more important to use it in their business. For government building, limited budget to maintain will cause the maintenance management could not do their job properly. Beca use, the maintenance equipment, such as any specials equipment is very expensive, but it is very important tools, to make sure the building test or survey is accurate. unretentive maintenance program.Poor maintenance program means the maintenance manager failed do their job to manage the building properly. Good maintenance management can provide the good maintenance program such as, provide maintenance information management, routine maintenance schedule, proper maintenance planning, and manage maintenance budget.neediness of professional skills.Maintenance management is a work that needs a skill to manage it. slight professional workers to manage building maintenance is very important to make maintenance management process can do smoothly. Professional person in maintenance need to know all about maintenance, such as , programming maintenance work, get to know , the suitable material to use for building and also know how to do and analysis test. Some country needs to import the pr ofessional worker from oversea to do this works. It is very sad, when government need to spend a lot of money to pay foreign workers. It will be better if the works can be managed by local people. fumbling workersMaintenance works need a qualified person to do the work this is because maintenance work is dangerous which the workers need to handle dangerous equipment such as electrical system. At this stage, maintenance management is responsible to take a qualified person, besides have high skill or reckon to do maintenance works. The maintenance workers need have a high knowledge about the works that they will do,they need to know how to reduce the risk and work safety during do the maintenance works.