Historical Weather Patterns of Michigan Essay Example for Free

Historical Weather Patterns of international mile EssayEvaluating changes in synoptic patterns is tantamount to understanding regional mode change. To date, the synoptic evaluations that have been through with(p) regarding climate change output from General Circulation Models have been restricted mainly to examining changes in storm tracks across large areas.The north generally experiences colder weather compared to the south, but air mile weather is unpredictable and switches rapidly, especially during the winter (Hodak, 21-28).Seasons and types of weatherfall, cool nights and warm days wintersnowy and constantly cold, getting dark early in the evening springwarmer days, much rainy with thunderstorms summerhot days and warm nights, daylight lasting until late in the evening (Bohnak, 87-95). People hunch over to talk or so the weather. From Maine to the Midwest, locals are convinced that their weather conditions are the weirdest. Theyll tell you about the big blizzard, t he spacious flood, or the hideous humidity, convinced that decades of harsh weather have shaped the characters of the local people (Keen, 19-27).Relationships surrounded by springtime heat accumulation and low temperature events in the western Lower Peninsula were investigated. Sixty years (1931-1990) of routine maximum and borderline temperature data from six seats were used to calculate seasonal growing percentage point day (GDD) accumulation normal and uttermost(prenominal)sand their relationship to the date of last block up at each station throughout the period. Results indicate that in spite of a wide range of individual station and year-to-year variability, both(prenominal) regional springtime GDD accumulation thresholds and last freeze dates are occurring earlier but the timing of GDD thresholds is ever-changing more rapidly, resulting in a net trend toward more freezes after certain GDD thresholds are get over and a flat or increasing amount of GDDs accumulated on the date of last freeze (Keith, 35-41).Extreme low temperature events are a normal range of springtime climatology in Michigan and goat cause severe damage to many of the states diverse agricultural crops. In particular, late spring freezes are a major concern in the western counties of the Lower Peninsula where commercial fruit production is laborious and their occurrence may be a significant factor in explaining inter-annual variations of yield (Hodak, 21-28). For example, a serial publication of freezing nights in late May 1992, damaged several types of fruit (grapes, strawberries, plums, and sweet cherries), reducing the overall potential size of the crop. Although United States mean temperatures have been rising during the last decade, perhaps as part of a wider global trend, some recent springs have been particularly warm in Michigan (e.g. 1991), extreme low temperature events continue to occur (Keen, 19-27).The possible association between regional temperature trends and the risk of exposure of extreme minimum daily temperature events has not been widely examined. Some efforts have focused on documenting recent changes in the duration of the growing season or on the relationship between mean temperature trends, but little is gettable concerning Michigan (Keith, 35-41).Furthermore, recent literature is largely silent on the question of how springtime low temperature risk is conditioned by antecedent weather patterns, that is, for example, whether a warm April is normally followed by a lower-than-average hoarfrost risk in May. Regardless, to the extent to which climatological findings of this type could be generalized from one climatic region to other is uncertain, so such relationships established elsewhere might carry very little information about the risk in Michigan (Bohnak,87-95).One important relationship between human activities and the atmosphere is contamination. The wellness effects of polluted air and the ways in which humans and soci ety can reduce pollution are ideas that are considered in the middle and high school benchmarks. At the high school level, in particular, this includes a discussion of global warming and acid rain. Interestingly, one issue for the teaching of these topics is the exclusive tie-in between air pollution and human activities with lack of regard for other natural sources of air pollution, such as burning leaves, fireplaces, volcanoes and methane gas from cows (Keen, 19-27).All of the changes are consistent with changes in the general large-scale flow patterns. An understanding of all these synoptic changes provides richness and a more conceptual understanding of how climate change may affect the Great Lakes region.ReferencesBohnak, Karl, So Cold a Sky Upper Michigan Weather Stories, Cold Sky Publishing, Negaunee, MI, pp. 87-95Hodak, J. United States Weather Michigan Edition, U.S. Weather Corp. Oklahoma City, OK. 1976, 21-28Keen, Richard A., Michigan Weather, newspaper Two Bears Press, September 1993, pp. 19-27Keith Heidorn, Keith, And NowThe Weather, Publisher Fifth House, Jul 13 2005, pp. 35-41

Strength of Adhesives in a lap joint Essay Example for Free

Strength of Adhesives in a dampen joint EssayStrength of Adhesives in a lap jointIntroduction Shear force refers to any internal force which acts in a perpendicular direction on a substance to its extension. For example air pressure along an air plane wing (Krenk, 2007). Compression test involves a measuring instrument much(prenominal) as leak-down tester used in determining internal condition of combustion engines its done by compressing air into the cylinder and recor dingdong the rate at which air is leaking out.eg testing the condition of rush cars engines and other engines of vehicles with high performance (Chang, 2000). Double lap configuration refers to configuration of different timbers use polyvinyl acetate.Advantages of polyvinyl acetateToxicity its non toxic which can be handled without any danger but not healthy for consumption. It doesnt have gassy fumes thus no need of ventilation in rooms which ar closed or during cold days.Drying magazine polyvinyl acetate dr ies up quickly. Normally, if applied in little amount it makes a thin coat which takes less than 30mins to dry up. For heavier applications it can take a lot of time of about 24hrs with other conditions being applied such as pressure.Reversible its easily reversed using water. It implies that a material is attached using PVA, it can be removed using water such as in archival purposes (Merrick, 2005).Clean up it can be cleaned up easily using soap and water without applying other toxic thinners. When dry, it can be removed by peel ding without causing damage to the surface.Characteristics of PVAPVA particles when dry they have microscopic appearances which argon similar.Dry PVA particles argon similar and significantly increase in size during nonionic contrast suspension.When each PVA group is measured and parameters compared using software program in a microcomputer, they present a non-consistent histogram.initially their particles were obtained through rasping Avalon block.Their particles are related to fluid viscosity effect or their behavior in solution. This makes them to be compressible and flexible in nature.Characteristics of resin based adhesivesDurability resin based adhesives are to a greater extent durable compared to other adhesives such as syntheticResin based adhesives made of cementum are more superior to those of glass and zinc phosphate.They temporarily form synthetic adhesives when polyvinyl acetate is suspended. near of resin based adhesives are derived from polymers where adhesives of good properties are shown.Resin based has strong adhesion forces which makes them more durable compared to other forms of adhesives (Vlieger, 1995).Resin based adhesives appears in different forms such water based and cement based adhesives.Advantages of Resin Based AdhesivesIn flammable resin based do not contain flammable solvents which makes them friendly to human beings.They dont wear and are resistant to shrinkage when they have change up.Resins based are of high quality compared to other forms of adhesives.Their different forms such water based are eco-friendly due to their non toxic nature.They are moisture resistant. Double lap configuration is configured using nark of light weight where adhesive forces are required in joining their respective wireless control condition LAN. In conclusion, PVA particles are non uniform which have weak farces of adhesion. This affects the lap joints making them appear actually weak. Resin based is known to be more durable making the relationship between lap joints stronger.ReferencesChang, J. Y. (2000). Biopolymers, PVA hydrogels, anionic polymerisation, nanocomposites. Berlin Springer.Merrick, M. J. (2005). The behaviour of PVA adhesives in chairs. S.l. Furniture Industry Research Association.Krenk, S. (2007). Beam hypothesis stresses in an adhesive lapjoint. Roskilde, Denmark Ris National Laboratory.Vlieger, H. (1995). Results of uniaxial and biaxial tests on riveted fuselage lapjoint sp ecimens. Amsterdam National Aerospace Laboratory NLR.Source instrument

Outline and Evaluate Two Models of Abnormality Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate Two Models of Abnormality EssayThe essence of a psychodynamic approach is to explain deportment in call of its dynamics i. e. the forces that drive it. The best known example of this approach is Freud. Freud believed that the origins of intellectual disorder lie in the unresolved conflicts or childhoods which ar un sensible. Medical maladyes are not the outcome of strong-arm disorders but of these psychological conflicts. Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego create anxiety. The ego protects itself with various defence mechanisms (ego defences). These defences can be the cause of disturbed conduct if they are overused.In childhood the ego is not developed enough to deal with traumas and therefore they are repressed. For example, a child may experience the death of a parent early in carriage and repress associated feelings. Later in life, opposite leavinges may cause the individual to re-experience the earlier loss and can lead to depression. Previously the unexpressed anger about the loss is directed inwards towards the self, causation depression. Ego defences, such as repression and regression, exert pressure through unconsciously prompt behaviour.Freud proposed that the unconscious consists of memories and opposite information that are either very hard or almost impossible to bring into conscious awareness. Despite this, the unconscious mind exerts a powerful effect on behaviour. This frequently leads to di emphasis, as the psyche does not understand why they are acting in that particular way. The underlying problem cannot be controlled until brought into conscious awareness. However Abstract concepts such as the id, ego and superego are difficult to define and research.Because actions motivated by them operate on an unconscious level, there is no way to know for accredited that they are occurring. Also a common criticism of Freuds work is that it was sexist. The Biological approach is the view that behaviour ca n all be explained in terms of biological mechanisms, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, headspring action at law and influences inherited via genes. A biological psychologist explains abnormal behaviour in terms of an abnormal biology, and therefore explains mental disorder as the consequence of malfunctioning of these biological systems.It follows the belief that treatment should repair these faulty systems, employ somatic therapies such as drugs, ECT and psychosurgery. The biological (medical) model assumes that all mental disorders are cogitate to round change in the luggage compartment. Mental disorders are like physical disorders i. e. they are illnesses. Such changes or illnesses may be caused by one of four possible factors * Genetic Inheritance * Biochemistry * Neuroanatomy * Viral contagious disease Abnormalities in brain anatomy or chemistry are sometimes the result of genetic inheritance, and so are passed from parent to child.One way of investigation this poss ibility is by studying parallel. Pairs of identical twins can be compared to see whether, when one twin has a disorder, the new(prenominal) has it as well. This provides us with a capital of New Hampshire rate. A concordance Rate the extent to which two individuals are similar to each other in terms of a particular trait. There are low concordance rates for some mental disorders, such as phobias, but relatively high concordance rates for others e. g. schizophrenic psychosis. Genes tell the body how to function.They determine, for example, the levels of hormones and neurotransmitters in the brain (biochemistry). Genes also determine the structure of the brain (Neuroanatomy). Research has shown that schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles in their brains, indicating of brain tissue around these spaces. Research suggests that some disorders may be related to exposure to certain viruses in utero (i. e. in the womb). For example, Torrey (2001) give that the mothers of many people wi th schizophrenia had contracted a particular tense up of influenza during pregnancy.The virus may enter the unborn childs brain, where it remains dormant until puberty, when other hormones may activate it, producing the symptoms of schizophrenia. The emergence of the medical model in the 18th century led to to a greater extent(prenominal) humane treatment for mental patients. Until then mental illness was blamed on demons or on evil in the individual. The medical model offered a different source of blame the illness, which was potentially treatable. However, more recent critics have claimed that the medical model is inhumane.Thomas Szasz (1972) argued that mental illnesses did not have a physical basis, therefore should not be thought of in the same way. He suggested that the concept of mental illness was invented as a form of social control. The available evidence does not support a sincere cause and effect link between mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and altered brain c hemistry. For example, schizophrenia is commonly associated with an excess of the brain neurotransmitter dopamine.However, some studies of schizophrenic patients have shown reduced levels of dopamine in some brain tissues, meaning that there may be simultaneous excesses and deficiencies in different split of the brain. There is no evidence that mental disorders are purely caused by genetic inheritance concordance rates are never 100%. Gottersman and Shields (1976) reviewed the results of five studies of twins looking for concordance rates for schizophrenia. They found that in monozygotic twins (identical) there was a concordance rate of around 50%. If schizophrenia was entirely the product of genetic inheritance then this figure should be 100%.It is likely that, in the case of certain disorders, what individuals inherit is susceptibility for the disorder, but the disorder itself only develops if the individual is exposed to nerve-wracking life conditions (i. e. stress). This is called the diathesis-stress model. Diathesis-Stress Model a belief that, in case of certain disorders, individuals inherit a susceptibility for the disorder (diathesis) which develops only if he individual is exposed to difficult environmental conditions (stress). The greater the under-lying vulnerability, the less stress is needed to trigger the disorder.

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay Example for Free

Nelson Mandelas Values tasteIt will be hard to believe if a person says A man who served twenty seven years in prison, turned out to be one of the greatest presidents our world has seen. Well this did in truth happen and this former president is still living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, southeasterly Africa, he was a drawing card of the anti-apartheid diement in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the South African state, and shortly after his stretch out from prison he led a multi-racial party for the graduation exercise cartridge holder ever in South Africas history. By doing this he was elected as the first smuggled/democratic president of South Africa. Throughout his years as a president he has been widely regarded as a symbol of global peacemaking, and he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. His birthday, July 18, has been declare Mandela Day a global celebration of his legacy. Mandela reached this success and earned the title of a world celebrated leader with his time values in leadership, standing up for what he believed in, that is in democratic handle and his slopped disapproval of injurist.Nelson Mandela valued leadership since his early days, considered by many as a ultra leader he helped organize the fight against racism and apartheid in South Africa. (Brink). Mandela witnessed leadership at a youngish age when observing his guardian supervising tribal decision-making gatherings. Mandelas guardian listened in silence for days, neer voicing his opinion even after everyones opinion was heard. After everyone had spoken, his guardian guided the base to reach a consensus. Later, Mandela used this experience to mold his leadership style (Stengel). According to Stengel, Mandela recalled the following lesson regarding leadership from when he was a young cattle herder When you want to get a herd to move in a certain direction, he said, you stand at the back with a stick . Then a few of the more energetic cattle move to the front and the rest of the cattle follow. You are in reality guiding them from behind. He paused before saying with a smile, That is how a leader should do his work. Furthermore, Mandelas vigorous value for leadership began with him displaying his ability to organize and lead others by helping to create the Youth unite of African National relation back (ANCYL) which organized protests, boycotts, petitions, and strikes to end apartheid.Previously the African Nation Congress (ACN), ANCYLs parent organization, had petitioned the government for years forequality with little success. However, with increased success of the movement, the government increased craze toward nonviolent protesters and banned the ANC. Mandela and other leaders in the movement had to decide how to respond. In a tough decision, they concluded that nonviolence would no longer be effective and that the ANC needed to continue underground. These actions result ed in the incarceration of Mandela and many ANC leaders, but this action helped to inspire others and to prepare the country for change (Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa.).After more than twenty years in prison, Mandela decided it was time to take matters into his own hands. He realized that, as a leader, it was time to take a drastic step, and he met with the South African president in order to discuss his release and his desire to switch the nation to a democracy.Mandela was successful, and upon his release he was elected the first democratic leader of South Africa (Brink). Mandela always stood up for what he believed in he was never fazed by an opponent. Mandelas value of believing in the democratic make is an example. Even though many did not always agree with this idea, he believed it was the right way in advance (Johnson). He was at first unsuccessful with his pursuits, this included the time when he tried during his imprisonment to arrive a t prisoners to be addressed more respectfully by guards, and also later when he attempted to collect the national voting age lowered to 14 (Stengel). But slowly he established his behind of democracy and people were finally drawn to it (Stengel). Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela adopted a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson Democratic leaders set policies done group discussion and decision, encouraging and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson).Mandelas other key value that supported his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for in rightness. Mandela never tolerated injustice he believed that justice was the only path to success. For instance, when Mandela got to Robin Island where he was to be imprisoned, he was told to jog to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to condemn the condition they were living in. This worked out in their upgrade and the conditions improved (Hume).This example highlights Mandelas value for denouncing injustice andoppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the superior decision making process to build commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others using his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process. His stance for promoting justice and peace has been hailed across the world. He led South Africa from a white supremacist country to being the first democratic nation in Africa. With these values Nelson Mandela reached the ultimate success in the eyes of everyone.Work citedBrink, Andre. Nelson Mandela. Time. Time, 13 Apr. 1998. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.http//www.time.com/time/ magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C988171%2C00.html. Hume, Tim. Digital Mandela Archive Spreads Message of Social Justice. CNN. production line unfermenteds Network, 28 Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. http//www.cnn.com/2012/03/28/world/africa/mandela-online-archive/index.html. Johnson, Caleb. A Leaders Nest New York Times New York 1993 Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. http//go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=Nonesort=RELEVANCEinPS=trueprodId=GVRLuserGroupName=kent208tabID=T003searchId=R5resultListType=RESULT_LISTcontentSegment=searchType=BasicSearchFormcurrentPosition=2contentSet=GALE%7CCX3490200977docId=GALECX3490200977docType=GALE. Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa. ratty War Museum. The Cold War Museum, 17 May 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. http//www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/CNelsonMandelaandSouthAfrica.asp. Stengel, Richard. Mandela His 8 Lessons of Leadership. Time. Time, 09 July 2008. Web. 24Nov. 2012. http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1821659,00.html.

The Poverty Problem Essay Example for Free

The penury Problem EssayIn approximately every part of the world, the plague that scantness is can be seen. Even in the most happy countries and cities, there be gray areas that reek of poverty. However, poverty is non unsolvable. Pogge (2005, p. 2) highlights one aspect of lick global poverty which involves the prosperous countries. To Pogge, the rationalization of economists that poverty is caused by local factors is what is wrong. It is wrong to think that circumstances poverty-stricken countries is charity and that withholding help does non make them morally irresponsible. In another aspect, poverty is not just the absence of a stable and good income it is the absence of opportunities that would allow one to conk out a tolerable life. Many people live in the absence of sufficient food, shelter, knowledge and health care. These are the basic needs of humans yet they are being deprived of this. They are as well as often exposed or are vulnerable to ill health, eco nomic dislocation, natural disasters, and ill interference by the state. There is a huge difference between the situation in generative and in scurvy countries.In rich countries, 1 of 100 children does not reach its fifth birthday objet dart in poor countries one in five children die before reaching 5, often because of hunger or dis alleviation. There is also a huge different in terms of nourishment. In rich countries, less than 5 percent of children are malnourished except in poor countries, more than 50 percent are malnourished (Nwaobi, 3). One of the most poverty-stricken places on the planet may be Africa as its economic performance fall short of all other countries. Most Africans live by $0. 65 a day and this spot is even growing at an exponential rate.Poverty in Africa could even become dynastic such(prenominal) that there is no improvement in the situations. The children of the poor lie just as poor. Africa also suffers from inequality in terms of income, assets, cont rol over public resources, feeler to services, and pervasive insecurity. This only aggravates the situation in Africa. Nigeria may be a rich country but the people there still suffer from poverty. Politics in Nigeria also resulted in a decline in quality income distributionthe rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer (Nwaobi, 3-4).Children are especially affected in multiplication of poverty. Since children are still dependents on their parents or guardians, they can only enter or avoid poverty by the level of their familys financial capacity and economic capabilities. Children cannot do anything about their economic characterise until they become adults and are able to fend for themselves. While different governments cast off a variety of programs to ease childrens suffering because of poverty, it can only do so much. Even in the presence of such programs, children still suffer (Gunn Duncan, 1997, 55-56).The well-being of a child is measured in a variety of categories, namely (1) physical health, (2) cognitive ability, (3) school achievements, (4) emotional and behavioral outcomes, and (5) teenage out-of-wedlock childbearing. Children born from poverty often are underweight which makes them vulnerable to sickness if not born with a sickness. They also often suffer from hinder growth and lead poisoning. Poor children are also 1. 3 times as likely to exhaust learning disabilities and development delays. Since these children suffer financially and cannot afford schooling, they only suffer the more.In the absence of education and experience, these children have a lesser chance of getting out of poverty as they grow old. Additionally, poor children have also been found to be more vulnerable to emotional and behavioral problems. Also, some(prenominal) studies have highlighted that a limited family income have led teenage girls to have non-marital childbirths (Gunn Duncan, 1997, 57-64). While the United States can be considered as one of the richest nations, it has its own share of poverty-related problems. In solving poverty in the United States, several assumptions were initially proposed.Capitalism is not the solution to poverty and even as capitalism can gain jobs, there is no assurance that all these jobs will provide an income greater than the minimum wage. However, even as capitalism is not the absolute solution, the poverty problem should be resolved using a capitalistic approach and not with a socialist approach. Even in good economic times, the US does not have enough jobs to support its populace and there is a need for subsidies, social services and assembling adequate taxes. The government also needs to deal with people who are poor not because they cannot manoeuvre but because they are lazy.Solving poverty does not demand a single solution. It needs a complex solution since there are different levels of poverty. Additionally, the government needs more taxes to help solve poverty and this means higher taxes from people far above the poverty line. It may seem partial but it is a legitimate solution. Lastly, since solving poverty will solve other social problems, place on poverty-alleviation is a good way to go and should always be the first problem to denotation (How Can We Solve, pp. 61-63).While it has been noted that poverty is present even in the most prosperous nations, it is not insurmountable, though it may require much effort to combat. Poverty is the source of all social problems so solving poverty should always be the first measuring rod that the government should take. Poverty has a bundle of negative implications especially with children since they still do not have an economic liability. No one step can solve poverty since this is a complex problem, what should be done is create a number of assumptions depending on the depth of the poverty problem and come up with solutions based on these assumptions.? References Pogge, T. (2005). World Poverty and Human Rights. Ethics and International Affairs 19 (1). Nwaobi, G. Solving the Poverty Crisis in Nigeria An Applied widely distributed Equilibrium Approach. Quantitative Economic Research Bureau. Department of Economics University of Abuja. Gunn, J. Duncan G. (2007). The Effects of Poverty on Children. Children and Poverty, 7 (2). How Can We Solve The Problem of Poverty. Available from Pine Forge http//www. pineforge. com/upm-data/13691_Chapter4. pdf

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member Essay Example for Free

Interview of a Presbyterian Church Member EssayThe Presbyterian Church was founded during the 16th century during the dissent Reformation. Much of the teachings and philosophies began with John Calvin (1509-1564). Currently, the Presbyterian Church (USA), is based in Louisville, Kentucky and has about 2. 4 million members belonging to 11,100 congregations. The perform helper service excessively has about 14,000 ordained and active ministers. The Presbyterian Church belongs to the Presbyterian family of Churches which also includes the meliorate church buildinges synonymous with the Calvinist tradition. In the U. S. A. , the first church was organized in 1706 and the first usual assembly in 1789. The church as it stands today was the result of the reunification of the two main branches of the Presbyterian Church separated since the Civil War. The church has membership in all fifty states and Puerto Rico. 1) What sacraments do you celebrate? What rituals do you perform? Ou r church primarily recollects in two sacraments the sacrament of baptism and the sacrament of communion. These ar the only sacraments mentioned in the playscript. The only rituals performed are baptism for newborns and for those who newly converted to the Presbyterian Church faith.We pretend no rituals, other than attending a sunlight service performed by a minister in the church structure by congregation. We celebrate our faith by dint of singing often accompanied by the choir and a sermon delivered by the minister. 2) What are some of your most customary traditions? The Presbyterian Church still practices what was started and rooted in the legers teachings. We do have a general assembly that outlines our mission and goals for specific activities that the church members will undertake for a specified period of time.We abide by the decisions passed during the general assembly. We do missions inside and outside the country, more specifically in East Asia, Africa and othe r continents wherever our mandates take us. We basically do preaching, teaching and healing following Christ when he advocated for the poor, the starved and the oppressed. 3) What beliefs distinguish your denomination from others? The Presbyterian Church (U. S. A. ) is distinctly a confessional and a connectional church, distinguished by the representation of elders-laymen and laywomen-in its reinment.Our church is also distinct in adhering to a separate religious thought known as Reformed Theology and a more democratic and representational church lead that is now known as the General Assembly. 4) How was your church founded? Approximately twenty years after martin Luther King posted his list of 95 grievances on a Roman Catholic Church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517, a cut/Swiss theologian name John Calvin corking the reformers manner and way of thinking about idol and humankinds relationship with deity.This refined way of thinking became the basis for the foundation of the Presbyterian Church. 5) Who is the head of your church? The General Assembly meets and outlines the specific activities and guidelines for all its congregations to follow. The General Assembly consists of elders chosen by the people. The word Presbyterian centre elder in Greek. The chosen elders exercise leadership, government, discipline and have responsibilities for the duration of the congregation. The body of elders elected to govern a particular congregation is called a session. According to the Book of Order G-6.0302 When elected commissioners to higher establishment bodies, elders participate and vote with the same authority as ministers of the Word and Sacrament, and they are eligible for any theatrical roleThe session is the smallest, most local governing body. The other governing bodies are presbyteries, which are composed of several(prenominal) churches synods, which are composed of several presbyteries and the General Assembly, which represents the entire denomin ation. Elders and ministers who serve on these governing bodies are also called presbyters. 6) What is the role of women in your church?The Presbyterian Church adheres to the equal sharing of servitude as vigorous as leadership to women. Women displace serve as elders, deacons and head of committees. The first ordination women elders occurred in 1962 and the first ordained women ministers began as early as 1965. 7) Have you been a life-long member of your church? If you converted, can you tell me why? I was born to conservative Catholic parents. I was baptized as a Catholic but plot of ground in College, I joined a social service organization that provides services to the marginalized people in the rural areas.That was when I met a friend who introduced me to the Presbyterian way of reformed thinking. From then on, I almost read the Bible and everything that was taught to me since I was born, like John Calvin, I began to question. More discussions with my friend made me a conve rt. 8) What happens during a typical worship service? in that location are similarities and differences between a Catholic service and the Presbyterian worship service. The Catholic Church has prescribed a set of ceremony that begins when a non-Christian priest would estimate the church with his assistants or what we call altar boys.There is a set book of sermon that the priest goes over. There is also a time for communion. But in the Presbyterian Church worship service there is more open discussion of the scriptures. The minister can provide insights and there is a more blessed environment to worship God and his teachings. The ambience is so much different. Presbyterian Church members sing their praise to God. There is no nagging ceremony and no confessional to attend to before partaking of the Body of Christ. A Sunday worship is determined by the pastor, and the session, the churchs governing body.It usually includes a combination of prayer, music, Bible reading and a sermon b ased upon scripture. There is also a personal response and oblation and community concerns are shared as part of the worship process. 9) Do you believe those from other faiths can have salvation, or go to heaven? Yes, it is possible. John Calvin believed in predestination. We chose God because he chose us first. Hence, we cannot jurist who among us will be saved or who will go to heaven because that is a fantasy reserved for God only. He alone knows who will be saved. 10) What are your views of the afterlife?I believe that there is life after death but only by the seemliness of God and through faith. 11) How does your faith interpret the Bible? For Presbyterians, the Bible is the means by which we, as Christians can come to view the presence of God since the beginning of time. By understanding and learning the scriptures, we can then know of Gods have sex, eternal goodness and constant benevolence of our sins. 12) How often does the church call upon you to pray? How often do y ou pray each day? The church exhorts church members and believers to pray as much as we can either by praying aloud, in community with others or as much as we aim to.It basically depends how much an individuals needs. 13) What does the Presbyterian impression mean or symbolize? The church seal is the symbol of the church heritage, identity and its mission. The symbols embedded in the seal are the cross, Scripture, dove and the flames. The more heavy(p) symbol in the seal is the cross. It represents the love of God through Jesus Christ, through his sacrifice and resurrection. 14) What are your views on abortion, intoxicant, and capital punishment? The 217th General Assembly of the church clarified the position on worry pregnancies and abortion.The position paper basically states that the matter of abortion is ultimately the womans decision. The church though appeals to all members of the church to surround problematic women contemplating decision on a problematic pregnancy with love and support. The church clarified further that on matters of health concerns that is complicated by pregnancy they encourage the uninjured delivery of both the mother and the child (during late term pregnancies). With regards alcohol consumption, the general assembly of the church does not advocate the prohibition of alcohol, a policy which would appear to attribute the entire problem to alcohol itself.Responsible and non-problematic uses of alcohol have been part of human experience and the Judeo-Christian heritage since the beginning of save history however, the church advocates voluntary abstinence from alcohol consumption. With regards the issue of capital punishment, the most recent arguing in 1985 reaffirmed the churchs position on its continuing opposition to capital punishment. 15) What are your views on sin and do you believe that God punishes humans for sins they commit? Humans are born to slew and sin. But the God that I know is not vengeful.God is a forgiving G od that bestows forgiveness even to those who err in their ways. The repercussions of our actions or sins on earth are enough punishment for us humans. As a conclusion give a paragraph reflection of the denomination as well as a contrast/ comparison between this denomination and Catholicism. In conclusion, the Presbyterian Church as refined by the studies of John Calvin deviated and differed from the Catholic Church in a lot of ways. These are as follows 1. Presbyterians do not have a single head of Church. We do not have a pope. We have a congregation or assembly of elders whom our communities of members have chosen.2. We do confessions by ourselves and believe that through the grace of God, and through submission of our confessions to God, we are forgiven. The Catholic Church requires confession of an individual to a priest. 3. Women are tempered as equals and can be equally ordained as ministers and chosen as an elder. 4. The interpretation of the Bible is not mystically interpre ted but through careful analysis and through scholarly studies. 5. suppliant and worship is done either individually or in community with other Presbyterian Church members in joyful celebration of the grace and love of God.Works Cited 1 Presbyterian Church website (USA) http//www.pcusa.org/

The Marine Industry

The Marine IndustryIntroductionPurposeThis report aims to educate readers just ab disclose the refuge of seaf arers going a direction to sea and the possible dangers that they face up. The report go forth also elaborate about the ongoing issues and measures taken to come across the safety of the seafarers.BackgroundMarine Industry has been a cogitation platform for investment and income since the ancient times. Seafarers face possible dangers from collision of carrys, recruit and weather conditions. thitherfore, the casualties onboard a enchant cast been increasing due to neediness of awareness towards safety on board the enrapture. The external oceanic Organisation( IMO) took steps to prevent such disasters from keeping. Rules see been set up to make sure the equipments onboard the ship are up to mesh, bear witness and are on a regular basis inspected. Workers onboard must be well proficient in the safety aspects. fit in to the International nautical Organisation (2009),ship safety is a subject that is currently receiving high attention by virtu aloney countries. The International oceanic Organisation(2009) give tongue to that this was due to a number of serious vessel casualties that have fadered in recent years.MethodologyThe training for this report was obtained from the International pattern for the pencil eraser of smell sentence at Sea (SOLAS) 1974 edition, reference books, research about shipping companies and the internet. Case studies were taken from online give-and-take expressions.ScopeAs there are m any(prenominal) possibilities that could happen onboard a ship, this report allow for investigate solely about the possible intellect of advance at sea, preventive measures, consequences of awaken, actual events that took place due to call forth, types of heighten and much to a greater extent.Fire Hazards onboard the ShipCauses of FireAccording to John G. Antherson (2000),the causes of fire on a ship arent a lot diffe rent than the causes of fires in any urban setting. As there are electrical circuits onboard the ship, there is a chance for an electrical fire is to occur. Machinery onboard a ship sewer get hot when its operating. An overheating bearing could cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Ships uses burning systems to generating steam, and internal combustion engines are used generate electricity. These combustion system go forth get precise hot and can cause a fire.(John G. Antherson 2000) Closed machinery spaces and the volatility of force out, lubricants and hydraulic fluids around the hot machinery can lead to a fire or an explosion. A collision at sea could initiate a fire. The galley where food is prepared is another fire hazard on board a ship.(John G. Antherson 2000) During ship repairing, metal cutting and welding equipment is carried and used to unseasonable equipment. Sparks from this equipments could also start a fire. There are some more possible ways fires could be sta rted. Fire hazards in the cabin could also cause fire to occur. An obligate (Anon Fires In Ships 2002) states that careless smoking is the main cause of fires in ships.In angiotensin converting enzyme case scenario, sixteen Chinese nationals have been taken to the hospital after a fire stony-broke out in their ship(APL Columbia) at port Botany on 5 January 2010.A crew member onboard the 45,000 deoxythymidine monophosphate APL Columbia(IMO9252242) noticed a fire in his cabin about 1.30am.The man tried to put out the fire but was unsuccessful.The crew members had suffered from smoke inhalation and the fire was put out about 5.30 am using the ships own firefighting equipment. In another case scenario, a fire broke out in the engine room. A Maersk container ship (Maersk Duffield) crossed Brisbanes Moreton Bay with its engine room on fire and the natural Management Queensland helicopter is en route to assist. One crew member required treatment.Shipping Database,2009-2010Online ava ilable from http//www.shippingdatabase.com/ Accessed 31 January 2010According to the chart ( figure 1) made by the nautical Institute in Gdansk(2007), most fire accidents occur during ship repairs. Fire caused from ship repairs take up 79.3% of most fire accidents in their case study. Meanwhile, figure 2 showed that 24.11% of fire occurring on board a ship is located at the Cargo holds and tanks. furcatees of FireThere are 4 types of fire that might occur onboard a ship. There are Class A , Class B , Class C and Class D fires. The U.S department of Agriculture, Forest Service(2007) tell that Ordinary combustible fires are the most common type of fire, and are designated chthonic Class A fire . These occur when a solid, organic bodily such as wood, cloth, rubber, or plastic become heated to their flash point and ignite. This class of fire is fairly simple to scrap and contain .According to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 2008),the most common way to do this is by spra ying the burning material with water, oxygen can also be removed by surround the fire with foam from a fire consumeer.Meanwhile, combustible liquifiable are categorized under Class B fire. The National Fire Protection Association(2008) reports that this fire fit the same basic fire tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical substance reply) as ordinary combustible fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas.An efficient way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is to disrupt the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents. According to an extract from Industrial Hygiene and cultivation Management (2008) ESH Manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, class D fire are fires that are caused by flammable or combustible metals. Examples given by the ESH manual Chapter 40, Hazardous Materials, of such metals are titanium , atomic number 11 ,magnesium, potassium, ura nium and calcium.Generally, metal fire risks occur when sawdust, machine shavings and other metal are present. These fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that would start other common fires.Wikipedia, Fire Classes Online Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_classesAccessed 1 February 2010A crew onboard a fishing vessel said that If a fire was to start onboard a ship, crew members onboard must know what type of fire it is. If a wrong extinguisher or order is being used, the fire might spread even more. ( Florida Sport Fishing Crew 2002)Consequences of fire spillage of Revenue and Marine EnvironmentThe International Maritime Organisation (2009) said that most accidents onboard a ship will result in a loss of revenue. Cargos onboard a ship might be dishonored and millions of dollars worth of cargos and resources will be touched. Fire onboard a tanker ship will have a high chance of causing an explosion and fuel leaked into the sea will cause water po llution and that will affect the ocean environment. Thousands of dollar will be used to clean up the crude inunct spill. A case study given by the style State Information exchange (2006) was that of Hyundai heap where an accidental fire broke out on 21st March 2006. The combined cost of the ship and damaged cargo is estimated at over 300 million US dollars.According to an online article by Brisbane Times, oil spill clean-up can be rather costly. In a case study by the article, an insurer of a Hong Kong-based cargo ship had to foot the bill for a 20 tonnes of diesel fuel into waters off Stradbroke Island. Authorities announced that the estimated cost of the clean-up will reach about $100,000 a twenty-four hour period and take seven days to complete.Daniel Hurst 2009 , Oil spill clean-up to cost $100,000 a dayOnline Brisbane times Available from http//www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/queensland/oil-spill-cleanup-to-cost-100000-a-day/2009/03/12/1236447368184.html Accessed on 7th Feb ruary 2010Political FalloutPolitical fallout might also occur if swift action is not taken. Political fallout will cause the reputation of the government or authority to be at stake.(M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn 1992) The disasters that occur within the Maritime Industries can be used as an example for opposition parties to blame the government and this might change the mindset of the society towards the government.According to an online article by BBC news, an oil well in the Timor Sea off the north-west coast of Australia caught fire. The oil wangle had been leaking oil and marine fire fighters were struggling for ten weeks to stop the leak. The National Offshore Pet fiberum Safety Authority had been called out to help encounter the fire and other teams such as the Geoscience Australia and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority were on standby. However, an opposition spokesman accused the Environment Minister of Australia of doing nothing to stop the oil leak.BBC News 2009 , Aust ralia well catches fire Online Available from http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stm tender-hearted CasualtiesAccidents onboard a ship will also cause human casualties to occur. Fire especially will be life threatening onboard a passenger ship and it will cause chaos and panic among passengers. ( L.M. Collins 1999) A good way to ensure that human life is not lost is for the crew and passengers to follow instructions given by the Captain. If the passengers follow the instructions swiftly, they will be able to escape from the ship safely.( L.M. Collins 1999)One of the major events that had many human casualties was that of RMS Titanic. According to David G , Titanic was struck by an iceberg and sank in deuce hours and forty minutes on 15 April 1912. The sinking of the Titanic resulted in 1517 deaths out of the 2223 people on board. The high casualty rate was due to the fact that the ship was not carrying enough lifeboats for everyone onboard.Brown, David G. (2000). The Las t put down of the Titanic. McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0071364471.Most fire cases are quickly dealt with and the only losses that the crew face are the cargos or raw materials onboard. Up to this day, passenger ship have not faced any fire incidents that resulted in major human casualties.Fire Safety MeasuresSafety of manner at Sea(SOLAS)M.Masellis and S.W.A.Gunn(1992) said that fire casualties on ships lead almost certainly to disastrous results because of the limited and isolated areas of the vessels and the lack of immediate and easy recover for the rescue team. Preventive measures are therefore much more effective in the effort to obviate such casualties than rescue and fire-extinguishing procedures or devices. Marine fire casualties in merchant ships the Greek statistics 1992 Available from http//www.springerlink.com/ electrical capacity/h8362077847j9127/In 1914, The International Maritime Organisation had a convention among international leaders and maritime leaders to disgorge about maritime safety. Of all the international conventions dealing with maritime safety, the most primary(prenominal) is the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea(SOLAS). There have been many versions of SOLAS adopted by the International Maritime Organisation but the present version was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1980.The SOLAS conventions have all covered many aspects of safety at sea. The convention in 1914 included chapters on safety of navigation, construction, fire protection and life-saving appliances.(International Maritime Organisation 2009)This shows that the International Maritime Organisation is constantly trying to find ways to mitigate the aspects of safety at sea to ensure the safety of seafarers life by introducing the Safety Of Life at Sea(SOLAS) and updating it.Fire Safety Test and Safety EquipmentOne of the fire safety measures is to canalize fire safety test for the ship. Fire safety of ships is an extremely important area. Before any material can be used onboard a ship, it must have successfully passed strict tests and have been certified for use. This is to ensure that the material or equipment does not pose a fire hazard onboard the ship. (SP Technical question Institute of Sweden 2008)Another safety measure is to install safety equipments on the ship. Equipments such as fire extinguisher, sprinkler system , gas monitor and other safety equipments are being employ. The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) is taking steps to stash away new and more sophisticated equipments onboard the ships. IMO hope to reduce the amount of accidents from occurring onboard the ship and will rely on this new equipments to combat the problem more efficiently.Service of ships and EquipmentsAccording to The Safety of Life At Sea 1974 edition, the ship and its safety equipments have to undergo service in one case every a few(prenominal) years. Safety equipments include components that can deteriorate over time. Therefore, this can decrease the effectiveness of the equipment. Examples of such equipments utter in the Safety Of Life At Sea 1974 edition (SOLAS) are fire extinguishers, EPIRBs, flares, life jackets, life rafts and smoke signals. Servicing of the equipment must be done by the manufacturer or an appoint agent by the expiry date. The expiry date must be clearly marked on the equipment. Most life raft needs to be serviced every two or three years. Equipment that cannot be serviced or no longer works must be replaced if it is to be carried as part of the safety equipment onboard the ship.(The International Maritime Organisation 2009)In the event that an emergency were to occur and the safety equipments were to be faulty as they were not sent for servicing, the manufacturer should not be blamed as the expiry date have been stated clearly on the equipment. It is the duty of the crew onboard and its owner to send the equipments for servicing once the expiry date is over.Accordin g to the IMO 2009, maintenance and inspections of equipments must be recorded to provide objective differentiate that these work have been carried out according to the manufacturers instructions.Proper training for the crewAccording to the Maritime Port Authority Singapore(MPA) 2010, Seafarers working on board a ship must have the valid evidence or endorsements. In Singapore, these are issued by the Training Standards Department of MPA. Seafarers working on board a ship are required to have a valid Certificate of Competency (CoC) or endorsement, which trace with the International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW).The crew must also be well trained in fire fighting and First Aid. Those who wish to work onboard a ship must have an Advance Fire Fighting Course certificate and Elementary First Aid certificate as well before they are qualified to work onboard (Maritime Port Authority Singapore 2010). The crew will also conduct reg ular safety drills after each departure from port. The crew are to follow their duty that had been assigned on the Muster List.By having proper trained crews onboard a ship, this will background the chance of human error and accidents from occurring. Furthermore, the crew are well trained to handle any emergencies such as fire . The International Maritime Organisation(IMO) 2009 once said that the quality and familiarisation are directly affected by the frequency and quality of the drills carried out. IMO added that a crew debrief after each drill is essential to emphasise lessons learned and to give additional training where necessary.ConclusionFurther ImprovementsEvery year, the International Maritime Organisation and other Maritime Body are working hand in hand to improve a seafarers life in terms of their living condition and to ensure that they are working in a safe environment. The organisation are trying to find constant improvement to reduce marine casualties, loss in revenu e due to unwanted accidents. One improvement that can be introduce to the ship is the All-in-One fire extinguisher. This extinguisher would be able to combat any types of fire such as Class A , Class B, Class C or Class D fires. By having this fire extinguisher onboard the ship, the crew will not need to waste time to find different methods to combat different types of fire. Another improvement that could be introduced is the fire isolating system. This system will isolate the fire from spreading to other rooms and this will reduce the damage caused towards the ship. The Maritime Port Authority said that this new inventions will further improve the safety aspects but it still needs to undergo more tests before it can be implemented towards the ships.Human Error is still the Main CauseThe International Maritime Organisation have taken steps to ensure that the technology and safety equipments being implemented are up to date. Even thought this is so, nothing can be done if the acciden t caused is by human error. Even if the crew had gone for proper training, human error will still occur. An article by B.S Dhillon(2007), human error costs the Maritime Industry $541 million per year and a study of 6091 major accident claims revealed that 62% of the claims were attributed to human error. B.S Dhillion(2007) added that human error contributes to 84% to 88% of tanker accidents.B.S Dhillon 2007. Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems, Springer Series in Reliability Engineering . scalawag 1.These incidents will result in crew injuries or death and the ship will be detain or damaged. Even if there is mechanical failure, human error can play a role in terms of lack of maintenance , monitoring or a breakdown in communication. The Bahamas Maritime Authority added that crew fatigue and complacency can be a major factor in this incident. The Bahamas Maritime Authority said that Good equipment can cost more, but safety should be accorded a higher priority beca use a ship cannot be operated safely without the seafarer.Referenceshttp//www.cruisebruise.com/princess_cruise_star_princess_fire_march_23_2006.htmlhttp//www.articledashboard.com/Article/Marine-Fire-Fighting-EquipmentSecuring-Ship-Safety-And-Damage-Control-Against-Fire/1252660http//www.unols.org/publications/manuals/safe_man.htmlhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8336564.stmhttp//www.mpa.gov.sg/sites/port_and_shipping/for_seafarers/seafarer_certification/seafarer_certification.pagehttp//www.springerlink.com/content/h8362077847j9127http//www.mapreport.com/subtopics/d/n.htmlhttp//www.bahamasmaritime.com/Documents/Bulletins/72bulltn.pdfSummaryIn brief, the report describes about the various reasons why fire safety is an important factor for the maritime Industry. It also goes into the full stop on the causes of fire onboard the ship. The consequences of fire is also gone into detail in this report to show the importance of safety at sea.